Notch signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways to regulate intercellular signal transduction and is crucial in the regulation of bone regeneration. Nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV or CCN3) serves as a non-canonical secreted ligand of Notch signaling pathway and its role in the process of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was undefined. Here we conducted a comprehensive study on this issue. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that CCN3 significantly inhibited the early and late osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the expression of osteogenesis-related factors, and the subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis of MEFs in nude mice. In mechanism studies, we found that CCN3 significantly inhibited the expression of BMP9 and the activation of BMP/Smad and BMP/MAPK signaling pathways. There was also a mutual inhibition between CCN3 and DLL1, one of the classic membrane protein ligands of Notch signaling pathway. Additionally, we further found that Hey1, the target gene shared by BMP and Notch signaling pathways, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of CCN3 on osteoblastic differentiation of MEFs. In summary, our findings suggested that CCN3 significantly inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of MEFs. The inhibitory effect of CCN3 was mainly through the inhibition of BMP signaling and the mutual inhibition with DLL1, so as to inhibit the expression of Hey1, the target gene shared by BMP and Notch signaling pathways.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic airway non‐specific inflammatory disease characterised by airway obstruction and alveolar destruction. In recent years, due to the extensive use of antibiotics, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants and other drugs, pulmonary fungal infection in patients with AECOPD, especially aspergillus infection, has gradually increased. The forms of aspergillus infection present in COPD patients include sensitisation, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). This review will summarise diagnostic and treatment of aspergillus in COPD patients.