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Green agriculture is mainstream for the sustainable development of agriculture. Based on the Chinese provincial agriculture panel data from 2010 to 2019, we adopted the slack-based measure (SBM) super-efficiency model, sales force automation (SFA) model, and global malmquist–luenberger (GML) production index to measure the efficiency of agricultural green development (AGD). Moreover, Moran’s I and spatial econometric model were applied to analyze factors influencing AGD. The threshold model was used to analyze the relationship between the scale of AGD and gross domestic product (GDP). The results show that 1) Chinese green agricultural development efficiency is on a rising trend, reducing the impact of environmental factors and random interference on the AGD. 2) The analysis of AGD in the spatial effect showed a direct positive effect from agricultural mechanization, science and technology innovation, industrial agglomeration, income level, and environmental rule and a direct negative effect from agricultural yield structure, farmland pollution, and agricultural disasters. Furthermore, industrial structure optimization and environmental rule evoke a demonstration effect, but technical innovation, income level, and agricultural industrial agglomeration triggered a siphonic effect. 3) The threshold model was used to analyze the scale of AGD to realize sustainable development between agriculture and economy.

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