Gravel beds can prevent sand-dust emission and weaken sand-dust flux. We used wind-tunnel experiments and field observations on artificial gravel beds above the Mogao Grottoes to quantify their impact. In the report, we identified a significant correlation between gravel roughness and its ability to trap wind-transported sand. The optimal combinations of gravel diameter and coverage were determined. The greatest roughness is achieved when small gravel coverage is 75%, medium 40% and large 45%. We found that initial wind speed and gravel coverage are the key factors controlling the amount of sand trapped by the gravel beds.

To study the micro-meteorological effects of different underlying surfaces of structures to protect the Mogao Grottoes, we analyzed basic meteorological measurements collected at weather stations located in front of the grottoes, on top of the grottoes and in the artificial Gobi. The results show that the shelterbelts in front of the grottoes have a heat-retaining effect. The profile of average daily solar radiation in front of the grottoes forms a sharp peak and the profile in the Gobi forms a parabola, but these patterns vary in different seasons. The artificial Gobi was more susceptible to extremes in temperature and had a faster response and wider response range to ground temperature. The average monthly air temperature, average monthly relative humidity, and the average wind speed in the artificial Gobi tend to first decrease and then increase with measurement height.

The integrated structure design for the transmitter, for use in the Companion Satellite (BX-1) in SZ-7 flight mission, is described. Based on the single-layer structure with several grooves formed on both sides, the miniaturization and high reliability is achieved while offering uncompromised electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and convenience for assembly and disassembly.

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