Tebuconazole, which consists of a pair of enantiomers with different fungicidal activities, is one of the most common fungicides used in the control of Fusarium graminearum. In this study, the fungicidal activity of rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers against F. graminearum was determined at 0.997, 0.975, and 0.950 a and at 20, 25, and 30 °C on wheat-based media. Then, F. graminearum was treated with rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers at the EC, EC, and EC levels under different culture conditions, and DON production was measured. Finally, expression of the DON biosynthetic genes ( TRI5 and TRI6) was quantified by real-time RT-PCR after incubation with EC doses of rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers for 4, 8, and 14 days at 30 °C and a 0.997. The results showed that the fungicidal activity of tebuconazole was strongly influenced by temperature, a, and the combined factors. (-)-Tebuconazole is higher in fungicidal activity than (+)-tebuconazole and rac-tebuconazole with 24-99-fold and 1.8-6.7-fold, respectively. However, (-)-tebuconazole was generally more favorable for DON production than (+)-tebuconazole under the same conditions. Additionally, (-)-tebuconazole and rac-tebuconazole induced significantly increased expression of the DON biosynthetic genes ( TRI5 and TRI6) compared to the control by the 14th day of treatment. In this research, the combination condition of 30 °C and 0.997 a is the most suitable for DON production by F. graminearum. The test strains of F. graminearum treated with the EC dose of (-)-tebuconazole produced the greatest amounts of DON.

A novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique for the detection of three mycotoxins in fruit juices.

No abstract

A novel approach which uses ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was proposed for the preconcentration of ultra amounts of ochratoxin A and citrinin in fruit samples.