Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with olfactory defects in addition to dopaminergic degeneration. Dopaminergic signalling is necessary for subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferation and olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn or Snca) modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission, and SNCA mutations cause familial PD, but how α-syn and its mutations affect adult neurogenesis is unclear. To address this, we studied a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse expressing the A30P SNCA familial PD point mutation on an Snca−/− background. We confirmed that the SNCA-A30P transgene recapitulates endogenous α-syn expression patterns and levels by immunohistochemical detection of endogenous α-syn in a wild-type mouse and transgenic SNCA-A30P α-syn protein in the forebrain. The number of SVZ stem cells (BrdU+GFAP+) was decreased in SNCA-A30P mice, whereas proliferating (phospho-histone 3+) cells were decreased in Snca−/− and even more so in SNCA-A30P mice. Similarly, SNCA-A30P mice had fewer Mash1+ transit-amplifying SVZ progenitor cells but Snca−/− mice did not. These data suggest the A30P mutation aggravates the effect of Snca loss in the SVZ. Interestingly, calbindin+ and calretinin (CalR)+ periglomerular neurons were decreased in both Snca−/−, and SNCA-A30P mice but tyrosine hydroxylase+ periglomerular OB neurons were only decreased in Snca−/− mice. Cell death decreased in the OB granule layer of Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. In the same region, CalR+ numbers increased in Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. Thus, α-syn loss and human A30P SNCA decrease SVZ proliferation, cell death in the OB and differentially alter interneuron numbers. Similar disruptions in human neurogenesis may contribute to the olfactory deficits, which are observed in PD.

We demonstrated a cost-effective and simple method of fabricating Ag-decorated polymer nanorod (ADPN) array by the combination of fabricated by the combination of photochemical reduction and nanoimprint technology. Here, nanoimprint lithography is utilized to fabricate polymer nanorod array as the periodic temple. Subsequently, ADPNs array can be achieved via UV irradiating. The as-synthesized ADPNs array exhibited a remarkable SERS activity and Raman signal reproducibility to rhodamine 6G, a concentration down to 1011 M can be identified. Our results revealed that the ADPN array is a highly desirable candidate as the reliable enhancer for high performance SERS analysis.

Although the traditional PID controller is widely used in many fields, the system parameters varying and external disturbances existing in the DC servo system will cause large overshoot or poor stability. To improve the performance of the PID controller, a compound servo control system combining the conventional PID control and the fuzzy control is presented to meet the demand of a vehicular antenna servo system in this paper. Incorporating the fuzzy control and the conventional PID control, this paper presents a design method of the fuzzy PID controller that is based on the fuzzy tuning rules and formed by integrating two above control ideas. Simulation results are presented to show the efficiency of the proposed controller. The practical control effect shows that the control system that adopts the fuzzy PID controller has better performance than that of the traditional PID control system, and meets the performance requirements of the servo system.

Although the traditional PID controller is widely used in many practical application fields, it’s unsuitable for the control of the complex plant. The powder metallurgy sintering process had such characteristics as nonlinearity and large delay, etc., and it’s difficult for the conventional PID controller to meet the control requirements. According to these traits, we used a parameter self-adjusting fuzzy controller to control the heating temperature of the vacuum sintering furnace. In practice it shows that every quality index and control effect of this scheme is better than that of traditional PID controller.