An efficient method has been found to discriminate different brands of packaged water which achieves to detect counterfeit products in the packaged water market.

Compacted clay is commonly used as an essential material for reducing the permeability in landfill sites. However, compacted clay has defect with shrinkage and desiccation cracking during cyclic drying and wetting, which may increase hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay. It’s necessary to modify clay, and make it have anti-cracking performance. The main objective of the study is to determine the content of fly ash on clay. Laboratory tests were done to determine optimum moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, volume shrinkage on different content fly ash modified clay. It was determined that a certain proportion of fly ash can improve the permeability of clay, and reduce the cracking clay.

Raw deep-sea clays (i.e., pelagic clays) collected from the Indian Ocean were able to function as Fenton catalysts and self-propelled micromotors due to the high content of Fe-and Mn-. The pelagic clays were for the first time observed to be automatic in the H 2 O 2 solution. The pelagic clays existed in the form of poorly crystallized marine sedimentation. The major minerals were found as illite/montmorillonite (I/M) and amorphous ferromanganese nodules, and the minor minerals included kaolinite, quartz, feldspar, and calcite. Significant amounts of oxygen bubbles were generated when the clay particles were dispersed into the H 2 O 2 solution (0.1-10.0 wt.%), and the average velocity of the motors was observed as high as 183.0 μm s -1 in 10.0 wt.% H 2 O 2 . The selfpropulsion would induce vigorous mixing in local areas of the solution and was confirmed to benefit the catalytic performance. The clays were employed to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) for a proof-of-concept study. In the acid solution (pH = 1.0-5.0), the removal of RhB was controlled by the Fenton process accompanied by the adsorption of clay particles. In the alkaline solution (pH = 9.0), the removal of RhB was found to follow an adsorptive bubble separation pathway. Both processes were greatly influenced by the self-motion of MnO x motors contained in the pelagic clays.