Soot emissions from aviation piston engines (APEs) are a major source of environment pollution in airport vicinity, stratosphere, and troposphere, and their nanostructure and surface chemistry play a critical role in determining the impact on human health and environment. In this work, the morphology and nanostructure of soot emitted from an aviation piston engine burning five different fuels including blends of promising alternative jet and biofuels were investigated via highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The graphitic structures were observed by analyzing primary particles in the HRTEM images. Morphological analysis demonstrated that the separation distance of the graphene layers of soot particles from the kerosene−pentanol blend combustion was larger than that from kerosene-Fischer−Tropsch blend combustion, indicating that adding pentanol tended to generate particles with more loosely stacked layers and higher oxidation tendency. Raman results were in agreement with primary particle nanostructure analysis based on the HRTEM images. Furthermore, soot particles from different fuels exhibited different concentrations of amorphous carbon and structural defects.

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Location and arrangement of control actuators have a significant impact on operation safety and efficiency. In order to benefit from the proper location and arrangement of control actuators, a large amount of factors need to be considered in the design process. In this paper, three types of main design factors were summarized through literature research, including operators physical characteristics, task operation properties and control actuators features. Meanwhile, the priority of these factors (detailed in indexes) were determined by questionnaire investigation. The results showed that the top priority indexes were anthropometric dimensions, limbs reachable area, comfortable area, operation accuracy, visual checking, avoiding interference, friction, the control actuators type of hand and foot manipulate, the control actuators functions of on/off or start/stop, safety or emergency device, importance of control actuators, and operator habits.