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The φ-meson production cross section is measured for the first time at a subthreshold energy of 1.93 AGeV in 58 Ni+ 58 Ni central collisions. The φ data were obtained within the acceptance of the CDC/Barrel subsystem of FOPI. For a sample of 4.7 · 10 6 central events, after background subtraction, 23 candidates were observed. Extensive GEANT simulations of the detector performance are shown in a thorough comparison to the real response, aiming at a good understanding of the apparatus and at a trustable determination of the efficiencies, production probability and possible systematic errors. A filter procedure is elaborated, which is meant to facilitate the comparison of any theoretical calculation or new data with the current ones. How to extrapolate the present value to a φ-meson cross section in 4π is also discussed. This result on pseudo-vector mesons can now be compared to existing experimental knowledge for the same reaction at the same incident energy for various outgoing channels, K + and K − included. A significant fraction (at least 20%) of the K − -mesons is originating in the decay of the φ, supporting the statement that the two channels are strongly correlated.In particular it is in general well accepted that in nuclear matter at equilibrium increasing temperature and/or density will lower the so called quark condensate qq thus partially restoring the chiral symmetry. However, while the prediction of the consequences on pseudo-scalar mesons (like the K + and K − ) is robust to different model frameworks [26], the situation appears disputed for pseudo-vector mesons (like the φ) more exposed to problems in the theoretical description [27,28,29,30,31,32]. Additionally the φ-meson yield is coupled to the sum of the K + and K − mass. If, as it is currently hypothesized, the reduction of the latter can be as high as ≈ 100 MeV for ρ = 3 ρ 0 , the corresponding decay width in the nuclear medium is diminished increasing the absorption probability. Actually Pisarski and independently Shuryak and

This study was conducted to identify proteins associated with the endogenous synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from trans-vaccenic acid (TVA; trans-11 C18:1, a precursor for CLA endogenous synthesis) in mammary tissues. Six lactating goats were divided into 2 groups. One group was given an intravenous bolus injection of TVA (150mg) twice daily over 4 d; the other group received saline injections. Treatment with TVA increased the concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA and TVA in goat milk. Additionally, TVA treatment increased the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue. Using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 3 proteins affected by infusions of TVA were identified. Proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit α type 5 (PSMA5) was upregulated, whereas peroxiredoxin-1 and translationally controlled tumor protein 1 were downregulated in TVA-treated animals compared with the vehicle-injected controls. Only the effect of TVA on PSMA5 could be confirmed by Western blot analysis. To further explore the regulation of PSMA5 in mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA, we used a differentiated bovine mammary epithelial cell line treated with TVA for 6h. Changes in cis-9,trans-11 CLA concentrations and mRNA expression patterns of both SCD and PSMA5 were monitored. The concentration of cis-9,trans-11 CLA increased after TVA treatment. The mRNA expression level of PSMA5 was significantly elevated to 6h, but SCD mRNA expression only increased in 2h after TVA treatment. These results indicate that PSMA5 is highly expressed in goat mammary tissue and bovine mammary epithelial cells when TVA is converted into CLA. Our data suggest that PSMA5 protein is associated with CLA biosynthesis in mammary tissue.

This paper reviews the definition of elastic follow-up starting with that used in creep assessments and seeking parallel definitions for the treatment of combined primary and secondary loadings in fracture assessments. Methods for estimating the elastic follow-up factor for secondary stresses acting alone in cracked structures are then presented. It is shown that elastic follow-up factors can be estimated from elasticplastic estimates of J for high secondary stress and are weakly dependent on elasticplastic material properties. Potential methods for estimating J under combined primary and secondary loadings, using the elastic follow-up factor evaluated for secondary stresses acting alone, are then presented. The applicability of these methods is examined in part 2 of this paper by comparison with detailed finite element calculations.

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