There is analyzes the structure of exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs of the Republic of Belarus in the context of import substitution in the agro-industrial complex in the article. As part of the study, a number of commodity items have been identified, due to which it is possible to reduce the total cost of imports of agro-food products, and also identified the main directions of development of domestic industries to optimize import flows in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus.