Soil moisture and water content in vegetation are the key parameters of land-atmosphere interaction, which affect the seasonal and interannual variations of the global and regional water cycle considerably. To monitor these parameters in global and regional scales effectively, an algorithm for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers (AMSR & AMSR-E) launched in 2002 has been developed in this paper. This paper presents a physically based radiative transfer model by considering the effects of extinction in soil layer and absorption and radiation in vegetation layer and a retrieval algorithm by using the satellite sensor data. A good accuracy of the algorithm is obtained through the algorithm validation in the Mongolia reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observation Project (CEOP). Consequently, a soil moisture data set is generated in Mongolia by applying the algorithm to the AMSR-E.

Abstract-The helical coils for the Large Helical Device are the world's largest pool-cooled superconducting coils in operation. These were expected to be cryustable up to 13.0 kA at 4.4 K on a basis of the measured recovery currents in all the shorl samples. However, a normal-zone was induced at higher than 11 kA repeatedly. It propagated to the finite length and recovered within several seconds except at 11.45 kA. Because of slow current diffusion into a pure aluminum stabilizer, a normal zone can propagate dynamically below the cold-end recovery current. The excitation tests have been carried out, and average 11.65 kA has been achieved by grading the current in the three blocks of the helical coil. The disturbance during excitations and the cryogenic stability of the coil are presented.

A beam chopping system for a cyclotron is in operation at the JAERI cyclotron facility. A combination of a pulse voltage chopper in the injection line and a sinusoidal voltage chopper after the exit of the cyclotron is adopted to produce beam pulses spaced at 1 s-1 ms intervals from natural cyclotron beams. The chopping system was designed according to a simple formulation of the chopping process in which the multiturn extraction was taken into account. Performance of the chopping system was experimentally proved to satisfy requirements of the design. In actual operation to produce beam pulses at long intervals, however, the number of the multiturn extraction is usually larger than the assumed value in the design because of a large phase acceptance of the cyclotron. Careful tuning of the acceleration phase width or the base magnetic field of the cyclotron is necessary to reduce it. It is essential to strictly define the acceleration phase of injected beams in the central region of the cyclotron to improve this situation.

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