A clear inverse association was observed between the number or score of ideal CVH metrics and cognitive impairment in a Chinese population, supporting the importance of ideal CVH metrics in prevention of dementia.

This study estimated the risk and rates of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in patients harboring brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) after endovascular embolization. One hundred and forty-four consecutive patients with BAVM treated with endovascular embolization between 1998 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. The risk of ICH subsequent to endovascular embolization was studied using Kaplan-Meier curves. We reviewed 144 patients with BAVM treated with endovascular embolization. Two hundred and sixty-nine procedures were performed, 69 were performed with silk sutures, 18 with coils, 137 with NBCA and 36 with Onyx18. Twenty-three (16.0%) patients were treated with additional gamma-knife radiosurgery and one (0.7%) with additional surgical AVM excision. Complete obliteration of BAVMs was achieved in 20 patients (13.9%). During a mean follow-up of 5.9 years for the ICH group and 6.9 years for the non-ICH group, hemorrhages occurred in 11 (17.7%) of the ICH patients and in nine (11%) of the non-ICH group (p>0.1). The annual risk of hemorrhage was 3.0% and 1.6%, respectively. In the multivariate regression model, the adjusted relative risk (RR) for hemorrhage at initial presentation was 1.6 (95% CI 1.2–3.2; p>0.1). Deep venous drainage, male sex, age or AVM size were not significantly associated with subsequent hemorrhage. ICH and non-ICH groups did not differ in progression to subsequent ICH after endovascular embolization (log-rank X2 = 1.339, p>0.1) in survival analyses. The overall annual hemorrhage risk for all patients after endovascular embolization was 2.1%. Endovascular embolization alone or combined with gamma-knife radiosurgery or surgical treatment are able to decrease ICH occurrence compared to abstention.

From 1986 to the end of 1998, 482 cases of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF) were treated by means of intravascular embolisation technique. The experience is overviewed in this article. Many kinds of detachable balloon catheters (including Chinese made detachable balloon catheters), coils and cyanoacrylate were used as embolic materials. Transcervical, transfemoral, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery approach, or transvenous approach were selected according to conditions. A combination of different approaches or materials was used for complex TCCF. We found that the special sign, named “bileakage sign”, indicated multileakage of TCCF and was not mentioned before. All 482 cases of TCCF were embolised successfully, of which 405 cases maintained the patency of internal carotid artery (ICA). No death related to the treatment occurred in our group and the symptoms or signs in 462 cases were relieved after embolisation. Emergency embolisation was needed in some conditions such as serious epistaxis, delayed or repeatedly subdural haematoma and rapid visual impairment. Endovascular treatment of TCCF is a safe and efficient method. The time of operation, approach, and materials for embolisation must be carefully selected in order to obtain the best result.