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Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the responsible agent for the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has its entry point through interaction with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, highly expressed in lung type II alveolar cells and other tissues, like heart, pancreas, brain, and vascular endothelium. This review aimed to elucidate the potential role of leukotrienes (LTs) in the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to reveal the critical role of LT pathway receptor antagonists and inhibitors in Covid-19 management. A literature search was done in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to find the potential role of montelukast and other LT inhibitors in the management of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Data obtained so far underline that pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations in Covid-19 are attributed to a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 in expressed ACE2 receptors or indirectly through NF-κB dependent induction of a cytokine storm. Montelukast can ameliorate extra-pulmonary manifestations in Covid-19 either directly through blocking of Cys-LTRs in different organs or indirectly through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

In this study, amidrazone acrylic fabric was applied as an immobilising support for α-amylase. The immobilised α-amylase was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for immobilisation efficiency, immobilisation time, reusability, kinetic parameters and pH, for the immobilisation process were examined. The study demonstrated that with 4% cyanuric chloride, and a pH of 7.0, the highest immobilization efficiency of 81% was obtained. Around 65% of the initial activity was maintained after storage at 4 °C for 8 weeks. The immobilised enzyme retained 53% of its original activity after being reused 15 times and exhibited improved stability compared with the free enzyme in relation to heavy metal ions, pH, temperature and inhibitors. The immobilised enzyme presented kinetic parameters of 2.6 mg starch and 0.65 µmol maltose/mL for K m and V max respectively, compared with 3.7 mg starch and 0.83 µmol maltose/ mL for the free enzyme. The improvements in the enzyme’s catalytic properties, stability and reusability obtained from immobilisation make amidrazone acrylic fabric support a good promising candidate for bio-industrial applications.