People recognized diabetes in 1500 BC (Litwack, 2018). However, so far, no reasonable treatment has been found (Zhang et al., 2019), so that diabetes has become a systemic chronic disease that threatens global human health (Xu, Li, Dai, & Peng, 2018). Diabetes includes type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the latter is more common accounting for 90~95% of all diabetics (Li et al., 2017) T1D is an autoimmune disease caused by insulin deficiency. However, in T2D, although insulin is still present, but its function is insufficient. When the effect of hormone is lacking, its target organs such as liver, muscle, and fat are inhibited in glucose utilization, which lead to insulin resistance (IR). IR is the main reason of T2D. (Fan et al., 2019). Liver is an insulin sensitive organ playing a key role in glucose metabolism (Meshkani & Adeli, 2009). Normally, there is a dynamic balance between gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis in the liver

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Introduction: Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has been reported to have therapeutic value in patients with chronic heart failure, besides its routine effect of decreasing uric acid level.

Abstract. hPTH(1-34)-Pro-Pro-Asp (hPTH') is more effective than hPTH(1-34) in the treatment of osteoporosis in our previous studies. The hypothesis that the active form of hPTH' was introduced by the excision with dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) in vivo was validated in the present study. Following the determinations of DPPIV activities in rats tissues and serum, the N-terminus dipeptides of hPTH' were excised by DPPIV in rats tissues and serum and the excision production was determined by Tris-Tricine-SDS-PAGE. The results indicated that the N-terminus dipeptides of hPTH' could be excised with DPPIV in rats tissues and serum. The molecular weight of excision production was greater than that of hPTH (1-34) and less than that of hPTH'. In addition, the excision production was injected to mice for detecting its effect on serum calcium of mice. The results suggested that the serum calcium levels of mice treated with hPTH' were similar with those of mice treated with hPTH (1-34). In conclusion, appearing to function as a prodrug, the active form of hPTH' was introduced by the excision with DPPIV in vivo.