NIR-I/II afterglow nanoprobes for deep-tissue autofluorescence-free bioimaging were developed based on the persistent energy transfer.

Realizing an irradiation-free PDT using deep red intense afterglow nanoparticles.• This PDT merely needs one-shot irradiation before PDT treatment.• The required 1 O 2 in PDT process can be induced by enhanced deep red afterglow.• The inhibition factor of cancer growth is as high as~80% after this PDT treatment.

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