Ginseng fruit saponins (GFS) extracted from the ginseng fruit are the bioactive triterpenoid saponin components. The aim of the present study was to develop a drug delivery system called proliposome using sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) as a bile salt to improve the oral bioavailability of GFS in rats. The liposomes of GFS were prepared by a conventional ethanol injection and formed the solid proliposomes (P-GFS) using spray drying method on mannitol carriers. The formulation of P-GFS was optimized using the response surface methodology. The physicochemical properties of liposome suspensions including encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release studies, particle size of the reconstituted liposome were tested. The solid state characterization studies using the method of Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Differential scanning colorimetric (DSC) were tested to study the molecular state of P-GFS and to indicate the interactions among the formulation ingredients. In vitro studies showed a delayed release of ginsenoside Re (GRe). In vivo studies were carried out in rats. The concentrations of GRe in plasma of rats and its pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets (commercial dosage form of GFS) and P-GFS were studied using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It was founded that the GRe concentration time curves of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets and P-GFS were much more different in rats. Pharmacokinetic behaviors of P-GFS showed a second absorption peak on the concentration time curve. The pharmacokinetic parameters of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets, P-GFS in rats were separately listed as follows: T max 0.25 h, C max 474.96 ± 66.06 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 733.32 ± 113.82 ng/ml h for GFS; T max 0.31 ± 0.043 h, C max 533.94 ± 106.54 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 1151.38 ± 198.29 ng/ml h for Zhenyuan tablets; T max 0.5 h, C max 680.62 ± 138.051 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 2082.49 ± 408.33 ng/ml h for the P-GFS. The bioavailability of P-GFS was nearly 284% and 181% of the GFS and Zhengyuan tablets respectively. In conclusion, the proliposomes significantly enhanced the drug bioavailability, absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and decreased its elimination time of GRe in rats and could be selectively applied for oral delivery of GFS.

While pumped storage power stations (PSPSs) provide clean energy, they are also facing many problems of safe operation. Inlet ball valves bear the brunt of the impact and disturbance from upstream pressure pipeline under extreme conditions on PSPSs. Artificially change the wicket gate and ball valve closing laws can improve the extremums of key indicators. However, the internal flow field in ball valves is complex, and the internal flow field interacts with the external structure. The performance impact studied only by the indicators of the ball valve inlet and outlet is far from enough. In this study, three-dimensional flow field simulation of an inlet ball valve on PSPS was carried out, and the Realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected to simulate the pressure and velocity changes of the flow field inside the ball valve under load rejection conditions. Based on the theory of fluid-structure coupling and CFX dynamic grid, the response characteristics of the ball valve mechanical structure after being subjected to transient flow field were studied, the distribution of related performance parameters of the structure was obtained, and the mechanism that causes stress, strain and total deformation was analyzed. This study found that the ball valve structure is significantly affected by the three-dimensional transient flow of water under extreme conditions of load rejection. The safety of the ball valve can be enhanced by setting expansion joints and strengthening the base.

The impact of venture capital on the technological innovation of listed companies on the ChiNext and Science and Technology Innovation Board in 2019-2020 has been examined in this manuscript. This manuscript uses cross-sectional data of "Initial public offering" of listed companies on ChiNext and the Science and Technology Innovation Board and uses multiple regression analyses. In addition, important literature has been studied to obtain research results and empirical research methodologies such as descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis. According to the study, the entry of venture capital has no significant impact on the number of patent applications filed by companies listed on the ChiNext Board. In contrast, the ratio of venture capital holdings positively affects the number of patent applications for companies listed on the Science and Technology Board. Hence, the venture capital industry should construct a highquality service system, expand its overall strength, actively invest in enterprises, and seek common growth with enterprises.