Many bufonidae species distributed in Asia are inhabited in a variety of environments. However, there are few studies focusing on the speciation of Asia Bufonidae. In this study, we reconstruct the phylogeny tree of Asia Bufonidae with timescale in BEAST based on a multiple sequence alignment of 12S gene and 16S gene sequences from 13 Bufonidae species and whole mtDNA from five Bufonidae species. The results show that the bufonids split into two major clades. In general, there are two lineages mainly distributed on different sides of the Himalayas. According to the divergence time and distribution of the two lineages, we imply that the differentiation of Bufonidea may be closely linked to the uplift of QTP and consequent monsoon climate.

Authors' Contribution CG conceived and designed the study and collected the data. CG and MMT wrote the article. EE analyzed the data.

33 Dominance hierarchies are common in social mammals, especially primates. The 34 formation of social hierarchies is conducive to solving the problem of the allocation of 35 scarce resources among individuals. From August 2015 to July 2016, we observed a 36 wild, provisioned Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) group at 37 Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China. 38 Aggressive and submissive behaviors were used to investigate dominance hierarchies 39 between female individuals in the same one-male unit (OMU), and the grooming 40 reciprocity index was used to detect reciprocal relationships between these females 41 within the OMU. The results showed that loose social hierarchies exist among the 42 females in each OMU, and more dominant individuals have higher grooming incomes. 43 These results are consistent with the aggressive-submissive hypothesis and the resource 44 control hypothesis. 45 46