The measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) level may provide an immediate, non-invasive method of assessing smoking status. The aims of this study were to use a portable CO monitor to compare the exhaled CO levels in established smokers and non-smokers. The exhaled CO levels were measured in 322 subjects (243 healthy smokers, 55 healthy non-smokers, 24 passive smokers) who applied to healthy stand during the spring student activity of Firat University in Elaziğ. Exhaled CO concentration was measured using the EC50 Smokerlyser. The mean exhaled CO level was 17.13+/-8.50 parts per million (ppm) for healthy smokers and 3.61+/-2.15 ppm for healthy non-smokers, and 5.20+/-3.38 ppm for passive smokers. There were significant positive correlation between CO levels and daily cigarette consumption, and CO levels and duration of smoking in healthy smokers (r=+0.550, P<0.001, r=+0.265, P<0.001, respectively. Spearman's test). When smokers and non-smokers were looked at as a whole, a cutoff of 6.5 ppm had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 83%. In conclusion, exhaled CO level provides an easy, an immediate way of assessing a subject's smoking status.

Physicians in speciality training in medical schools in Turkey are subject to significant verbal, physical or sexual violence. Precautions to prevent such exposure are urgently needed.

Background: Nocturnal enuresis is an important problem among young children living in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible differences in the prevalence of enuresis between children in boarding school and daytime school and the association of enuresis with sociodemographic factors.

Objectives:To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and determine risk factors for its development in women living in eastern Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2275 women aged between 17 and 80 years. A questionnaire examining demographic characteristics, parity and pelvic organ prolapse was given. Presence and types of incontinence were examined using a validated form of the Turkish version of the urogenital distress inventory questionnaire-short form (UDI-6). Results: A total of 1054 (46.3%) women reported involuntary loss of urine. Stress UI was present in 46% of women, whereas urge UI was detected in 43% of them. Mean age of patients with and without UI were 44.57 + 11.04 and 35.04 + 9.51, respectively. Age, total number of pregnancies and number of deliveries were shown to be significantly different in patients with and without any type of UI. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the factors revealed that age, total delivery number, pelvic organ prolapse and difficult labor were significantly associated with the presence of UI. Conclusions: This is the first study examining the prevalence of UI in women living in eastern Turkey. By using a validated questionnaire, several risk factors for the development of UI were determined. Pelvic organ prolapse and increased number of births were found to be two most significant ones.

It was noted as a health problem that there are overweight students aged between 6 and 11 years attending primary schools in Elazig province.