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Background:Chronic hepatitis B is one of the world's major health concern. The etiological agent of this infection is hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can evade the immune system response. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) can act against HBV by suppressing the viral replication. The TGF-β1 also plays an important role in preventing liver damage in chronically HBV infected patients.Objectives:In this study, the association of TGF-β1 +915G/C and -509C/T gene polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B was evaluated in Iranian patients.Materials and Methods:A population-based case–control study was conducted in Taleghani Hospital, Tehran. A number of 220 patients with chronic hepatitis B and the same number of healthy control subjects were designated the case and the control groups. The PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Method (PCR-RFLP) method was used for genotyping both polymorphisms. Ten percent of the control samples were sequenced to confirm the results.Results:No statically significant differences in genotype distribution and allele frequency were observed for both polymorphisms between healthy controls and patients with chronic hepatitis B.Conclusions:There was no association between TGF-β1 -509C/T and +915G/C polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B and it seems that these changes don not play a significant role in increasing the risk of chronic infection in Iranian patients.

bacteria, and fungus in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, among them Influenza type A is one of the main viral pathogens associated with COVID-19 as a co-infection. 14 We aimed to study the epidemiology of Influenza and COVID-19 Co-infection in a cross-sectional study. We included 92 participants who suspected to COVID-19 and their swab samples referred to Central HIV Laboratory, Sari in northern of Iran, during autumn, 2021 (which delta variant was dominant in country). The Detection of influenza viruses type A&B and the new coronavirus by multiplex real time kit in form of qualitative diagnosis of covid 19 factor, influenza viruses type A&B are done by the method of probe-based reversetranscription or Real Time PCR (RT-qPCR).