Diabetes Miletus (DM) is a global epidemic disease. It is estimated that there are already 415 million adults aged 20–79 years diabetics worldwide. Sildenafil citrate is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, which increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and metformin (MET) is a biguanide used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes which increases peripheral insulin sensitivity. Aim: This study aims to assess the effect of sildenafil citrate and metformin on lipid profile and glycemic control in diabetic and prediabetic albino rats. Materials and methods: Adult male albino rats are used and divided into nine groups each group consists of 10 rats, diabetes is induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for an initial period of 2 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of (35 mg/kg) Streptozotocin. Prediabetes is induced by feeding (HFD) and glucose in water for a period of 2 weeks. Sildenafil was given in a dose of (5 &10 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks), metformin was given in a dose of (50 &100 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks) using oral gavages to normal healthy rats, diabetic and prediabetic rats. Blood samples were collected after 4 weeks of treatment in all experimental groups. Results: Combined administration of sildenafil and metformin on diabetic rats improving hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and hyperlipidemia induced by streptozotocin than the administration of metformin or sildenafil alone. Conclusion: Sildenafil has beneficial effects against some diabetic complications. The present study showed that sildenafil with metformin has beneficial effects against diabetic complications.

Background The preputial onlay island flap technique has been popularized for hypospadias repair as a result of offering a consistent combination of acceptable functional and cosmetic results. Like other techniques, urethrocutaneous fistulae and stricture continues to be the most common complications, in addition to other complications, which could be attributed to the compromise in flaps vascularity. Some authors describe a technique that resolves some of these problems by combining the unique benefits of the double faced preputial flaps. The aim of this study:- to evaluate double faced preputial onlay island flap technique for complications rate, outcomes of surgical procedure, and cosmetic results in comparison to transverse inner preputial flap technique. Patients and methods This was a prospective randomized controlled study that included 68 patients with anterior, mid-penile, and posterior penile hypospadias, with shallow and narrow urethral plate of size less than 6 mm, who underwent single-stage repair using preputial flaps, conducted at the department of pediatric surgery (Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt), between May 2019 and October 2021, to evaluate double faced transverse preputial onlay island flap technique. Thirty-four patients underwent double faced transverse preputial onlay island flap (group A) and another 34 patients underwent inner transverse preputial onlay island flap (control group) (group B). The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 26 months. Results The overall complication rate was 20.5% (14 of 68 children). Complications developed in 5 cases (14.7%) in group A who underwent double face onlay island flap (2 glannular dehiscence, 1 penile rotation, 1 fistula, and 1 diverticulum), as opposed to 9 patients in group B (26.4%) who underwent transverse inner preputial flap (3 developed glannular dehiscence, 2 skin flap necrosis, 3 fistulae, and 1 diverticulum). After management of the complications, all patients had good surgical outcomes with satisfactory cosmetic results. Conclusion Double faced transverse preputial onlay island flap is an alternative option to reconstruct narrow urethral plate hypospadias. So that double faced transverse preputial onlay island flap technique appears to achieve satisfactory surgical outcomes with lower complication rate.

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Background: Amlodipine as calcium channel blocker has anti inflammatory through over augmentation of nitric oxide production, Anti oxidant effect by reduced superoxide radicals and increased the level of superoxide dismutase L-Carnitine has anti inflammatory through reacts with acyl group that accumulated in anoxic cells, Anti oxidant effect decreasing the superoxide anion production. Objective: Assessing the effect of Amlodipine and L-Carnitine Separately And Collectively in osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in female albino rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty adult female albino rats of local strain were randomly divided into five groups of 10 animals each. G1: Negative control group that received no treatment G2: Postive control group Ovariectomized rats that will be received no treatment G3: Amlodipine treated group Ovariectomized rats that will be received Amlodipine (5mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water by intraperitoneal injection (after two months from ovariectomy operation ) for three weeks. G4: L-Carnitine treated group Ovariectomized rats that will be received L-Carnitine (100 mg/kg/day) by intra-peritoneal injection (after two months from ovariectomy operation ) for three weeks. G5: Amlodipine + L-Carnitine Treated Group Ovariectomized 10 rats that will be received both Amlodipine at dose (5mg/kg/day) and L-Carnitine at a dose of 100 mg/kg/ day by intraperitoneal injection (after two months from ovariectomy operation) for three weeks. All rats were sacrificed and blood was withdrawn for biochemical examinations of Estrogen, Osteocalcine, Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Femurs were removed for histopathological examination. Results: The serum levels of Osteocalcin, TNFα and ALP were increased significantly in positive control group as compared to negative control group. Treatment with Amlodipine and L-Carnitine for three weeks after two months from ovareiectomy operation significantly decreased the serum levels of Osteocalcin, TNFα and ALP when compared to positive control group. These results suggest that amlodipine and L-Carnitine have protective role in osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in female albino rats.

Objective: To study the effect of stress on the sexual behavior and its pathophysiological effects on some reproductive and endocrine functions in albino rats. Methods: One hundred and twenty albino rats were included and divided into a control groupand three experimental subgroups , which were subjected to sexual stress. Female rats were investigated for the cytological changes in the phases of the estrous cycle. All rats were observed for behavioral changes throughout the experiment. Histopathological examination of the thyroid, testes and ovaries and the assessment of thyroid and gonadal hormones in the sera of control and experimental rats were performed. Results: Cytological examination revealed stopped estrous cycle in the diestrous phase in all female rats. Thyroid hormones revealed a decrease in the levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxin; however, non-significant changes were detected in the thyroid-stimulating hormone level in experimental rats compared to the controls. Gonadal hormones revealed a great discrepancy in their levels among both sexes. Conclusions: The results of the present study show that sexual excitation is one of the stressful factors affecting sexual behavior, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes as well as sex organs with secretory functions. Therefore, it is considered as a socio-pathological factor that needs more specific studies to further clarify its effects.