nowadays many systems with diverse technologies such as (GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Ultra Wide Band, Ultrasounds, Infrared, etc...) can be used for indoor location. One of the biggest challenges in indoor location systems is to determine the actual indoor position of the user using a smart device (Phone, PC, etc...), due to their instability, cost, high-power consumption, low accuracy and low precision. To overcome those problems, we have designed, implemented and emulated an indoor location system based on RSSI (Receive Signal Strength indicator) of the Bluetooth low energy 4.0 (BLE). BLE 4.0 technology is more advantageous in terms of long life expectancy; our approach is based on the deployment of equidistant nodes on the ceiling. The nodes are programmed to broadcast a periodic beacon at a timepace of 400ms and then to enter sleep mode. When a smart device enters within the broadcasting range, it locates the three access points (nodes) with the highest signal strength. This information can be calculated using one of the several localization algorithms (Trilateration) .The proposed Trilateration algorithm can be easily implemented in the hardware due to its low complexity; the method can be successful even when using a few numbers of nodes. In average the system has about 0.5 ~ 1 meters of error.
Governments need to play an orchestration role in delivering public services, and the adoption of information and communication technologies is essential to productivity and progress. E-government is unquestionable one of the most critical development system in developing countries, where ICT infrastructure and information society remain the great challenges to overcome. Due to institutional conditions, and compared to developed countries, longer preparation and project time are to be expected when implementing E-government in developing countries. And the delay in implementation of egovernment would only cause added cost. In our suggested implementation strategy GBC, where Government (G), Business (B), and Citizens (C) are the main player in e-government system, is not necessary to wait for technology to settle in, to be embedded in administrative and bureaucratic process, we adapted existing model and implemented proportionally along with development of digitizing process, with regard to different types of e-government interactions. We call it GBC due to order of implementation strategy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.