Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity and is thought to be mediated by an adaptive T helper-2 (Th2) cell-type immune response. Here, we demonstrate that type 2 pulmonary innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) significantly contribute to production of the key cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in experimental asthma. In naive mice, lineage-marker negative ILC2s expressing IL-7Rα, CD25, Sca-1, and T1/ST2(IL-33R) were present in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes (MedLNs) , IntroductionAllergic asthma is characterized by a predominant eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and a chronic T helper-2 (Th2) cell-type of immune response to various allergens, such as house dust mites (HDMs), molds, or animal dander [1,2]. Available experimental models for asthma indicate that allergenspecific Th2 cells are key players in induction and maintenance of allergic asthma [3]. These cells produce vast amounts of cytokines Correspondence: Dr. Rudi W. Hendriks e-mail: r.hendriks@erasmusmc.nl that induce IgE synthesis (IL-4), recruit eosinophils and mast cells (via IL-5 and IL-9, respectively), and cause smooth muscle hyperreactivity via ).Although adaptive Th2 cells have been identified as important sources of IL-4, , many recent studies emphasize the importance of innate cells in cytokine production, including but not limited to mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Next to the canonical NK and lymphoid-tissue inducer (LTi) cells, a growing family of cytokine-producing "helper" innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has been identified [6]. Interestingly, a lineage-negative ILC population that produces high amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 was identified in fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) andwww.eji-journal.eu Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 1106-1116 Immunomodulation 1107 mesenteric lymph nodes [7][8][9]. These cells were named natural helper cells, nuocytes, or multipotent progenitors and, because of their Th2 cytokine production, they have been dubbed type 2 ILCs [6]. ILC2s play a role in defense mechanisms and (re)shaping immune and nonimmune tissues and can be stimulated with IL-25 and IL-33. In a Nocardia brasiliensis infection model, ILC2s were essential and sufficient for clearance of this helminth from the mucosa, even in the absence of the adaptive immune system [7,9]. Recently, various groups demonstrated the presence of ILC2s in the respiratory system of mice and humans [10][11][12]. ILC2 were shown to accumulate in the lungs of mice after infection with influenza virus, via an IL-33 dependent mechanism. These ILC2 induced airway hyperreactivity through IL-13 secretion [10] and also restored airway epithelial integrity and lung function and contributed to airway remodeling by the production of amphiregulin [12]. In addition, ILC2s were found in nasal polyps of patients with chronic rhinitis, a classical Th2 disease [11].IL-25 is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family that is expressed in human and mouse in response to allergens, particles, and helminth infection [13][14][15]. Administ...
Airway inflammation in allergic asthma reflects a threshold response of the innate immune system, including group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), followed by an adaptive Th2 cell–mediated response. Transcription factor Gata3 is essential for differentiation of both Th2 cells and ILC2. We investigated the effects of enforced Gata3 expression in T cells and ILC2 on the susceptibility of mice to allergic airway inflammation (AAI). We used CD2-Gata3 transgenic (Tg) mice with enforced Gata3 expression driven by the CD2 promoter, which is active both in T cells and during ILC2 development. CD2-Gata3 Tg mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were analyzed in mild models of AAI without adjuvants. Whereas OVA allergen exposure did not induce inflammation in WT controls, CD2-Gata3 Tg mice showed clear AAI and enhanced levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage. Likewise, in house dust mite–driven asthma, CD2-Gata3 Tg mice were significantly more susceptible to AAI than WT littermates, whereby both ILC2 and Th2 cells were important cellular sources of IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue. Compared with WT littermates, CD2-Gata3 Tg mice contained increased numbers of ILC2, which expressed high levels of IL-33R and contributed significantly to early production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. CD2-Gata3 Tg mice also had a unique population of IL-33–responsive non-B/non-T lymphoid cells expressing IFN-γ. Enforced Gata3 expression is therefore sufficient to enhance Th2 and ILC2 activity, and leads to increased susceptibility to AAI after mild exposure to inhaled harmless Ags that otherwise induce Ag tolerance.
Kleptomania (curi patologis) merupakan salah satu bentuk gangguan kejiawaan yang ditandai dengan mencuri berulang. Perilaku tersebut disertai dengan keinginan kuat yang sulit dikendalikan. Kleptomania dapat berhubungan dengan gangguan kejiwaan seperti depresi, kecanduan alcohol, gangguan kecemasan dan gangguan obsesif kompulsif. Kleptomania memiliki kesamaan gejala dengan adiksi seperti adanya tekanan yang kuat sebelum keinginan tersebut dicapai, penurunan keinginan segera sesaat setelah aksi dilakukan, adanya jeda waktu (jam, hari atau minggu) terhadap munculnya keinginan melakukan aksi pencurian berulang, serta terdapat perasaan senang setelah melakukan aksinya Kleptomania juga dapat berkaitan denganperubahan mood. Kriteria diagnostik untuk kleptomania berdasarkan American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diantaranya adalah prilaku mencuri barang berulang dimana penderita tidak mampu untuk mengendalikan keinginan tersebut. Barang yang dicuri biasanya tidak diperlukan oleh pasien dan bukan untuk dijual. Terdapat beberapa alat bantu untuk penegakkan diagnosis kleptomaniadiantaranya adalah Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Kleptomania (K-YBOCS) dan Kleptomania Symptom Asessment Scale (K-SAS). K-YBOSC merupakan alat ukur keparahan gejala kleptomania. Untuk terapi farmakologi diantaranya Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) merupakan golongan antidepresan yang bekerja dengan meningkatkan level serotonin di otak dan naltrexon merupakan terapi medikasi terhadap adiksi alcohol selain itu beberapa psikoterapi yang banyak dilakukan untuk penderita kleptomania adalah Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), psikoterapi kognitif, desensitisasi sistemik dan terapi aversi. Psikoterapi ini bertujuan untuk mengubah persepsi penderita terhadap tindakan mencuri dan mengalihkan minat ke hal lain.Kata kunci: kleptomania, psikopatologi, adiks
Background: Medical education throughout the world has experienced major changes as a consequence of the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Government of Indonesia has instructed physical distancing so that teaching and learning activities, including in the Faculty of Medicine, must be carried out at home with online methods to reduce the risk of COVID distribution. Objective: to explore undergraduate medical students’ perspectives towards distance learning during early COVID 19 pandemic at Muhammadiyah Surabaya University - Faculty of Medicine (MSU-FM), Indonesia. Methods: a qualitative study of students’ online survey responses had been done. Thematic analysis based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technolgy (UTAUT) constructs was done to ecplore students’ perspectives. Results: Students have a positive perspective related to performance expectancy of distance learning. This factor have been perceived as factor that support the behavior of the use of distance learning in order to increase cognitive involvement in the learning process. However, in this study, other factors conveyed by students limiting their optimal use of current distance learning platform. Conclusion: Students‘ user experiences must be developed and maintained continuously during this pandemic era. Longitudinal studies that investigate the long-term impact of various distance learning platforms‘ usage also need further study.
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