Intravitreal ranibizumab was helpful for either vitrectomized or non-vitrectomized eyes with DME in short-term follow-up. Anatomical and functional improvements were greater in non-vitrectomized patients than in vitrectomized cases.

No abstract

Three monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections had benefit in nearly two thirds of cases with DME resistant to bevacizumab or ranibizumab over short-term follow-up. Vitrectomized eyes responded poorly to aflibercept treatment.

Focal laser photocoagulation was helpful for the management of ruptured or leaky RAM. Combined focal laser and intravitreal anti-VEGF agents could better reduce macular exudation caused by RAM. Additionally, Nd:YAG laser was a safe and effective method to remove the sub-ILM hemorrhage caused by RAM.

To present a case with nephrotic syndrome who developed serous retinal detachment in bilateral eyes. Case Report: A 38-year-old man went to nephrology department due to bilateral leg edema and foamy urine. A diagnosis of focal segmental glomerularsclerosis with nephrotic syndrome was made and proved by kidney biopsy. Bilateral blurred vision was noted 3 months later with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/125 in right eye and 20/100 in left eye. Anterior segment and intraocular pressure were normal in both eyes. No intraocular inflammation was observed. Fundus examination showed bilateral submacular fluid. The patient was treated with diuretic, albumin supplement and steroid therapy and BCVA improved to 20/100 and 20/32 one month later. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) still revealed massive submacular fluid in both eyes. Steroid was replaced by cyclosporin A owing to intolerance of the side effect of steroid. Another one month later, BCVA improved to 20/40 and 20/25. No subretinal fluid was found by OCT in both eyes. Almost restoration of retinal anatomy was demonstrated except for some retinal pigment epithelial undulation. Conclusion:Bilateral serous retinal detachment can rarely occur in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Serous retinal detachments can resolve with good visual prognosis with early recognition and proper medical treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Residual retinal pigment epithelial undulation can be found after the episode.