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While people of many nationalities live in Ukraine, Ukrainians and Russians constitute the majority of its population. Territorially, the Ukrainian language is spread unevenly, which results in pronounced bilingualism and language bipolarity. The influence of the Soviet policy of the Russian language dominance is still present in Ukraine. Ukrainian prevails in the sphere of public administration and education. Russian dominates in most mass media. Under such circumstances it is important to maintain conditions for the preservation of the language identity of other ethnic minorities, which would promote the development of linguistic diversity in Ukraine.

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The aim of the study is to present the changes in the population and its demographic structure in Ukraine compared to other European post-communist countries. Classic demographic indicators were applied. In comparison to other analyzed countries, Ukraine has an average pace of population decline, a low aging rate and a persistently clear advantage of the number of women over men. This is the result of all three factors: loss of part of the territory with the population inhabiting it, natural decrease and negative migration balance.

An algorithm for choosing a rational sequence for machining a part on a machine with a tool magazine is proposed using the drilling operations example. The algorithm is based on the analysis of all possible options and the calculation of the time spent on each of them. In this respect, the working tool (drill) change is considered, if it is necessary to switch to another machining type (drilling a different diameter hole). Three types of time costs are included in the calculation of the total machining time for one part: the duration of each operation, the duration of the transition to the next operation, and the duration of the working tool change. The result of the algorithm application is the sequence of machining the part with the least total time spent on transitions to the machining areas and the working tool changing.