The rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (AA, family Liliaceae) is a famous and frequently used herbal drug in the traditional medicine of Northeast Asia, under vernacular name "zhimu.” A. asphodeloides has been used as an anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-depressant, and anti-diabetic agent in traditional Chinese medicine. We examined the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and the main bioactive compounds from the rhizome of A. asphodeloides. Acetone extract exhibited comparatively high antioxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. A water extract exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activity by superoxide radical scavenging test. Furthermore, dichloromethane, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts showed significant anti-α-glucosidase activities. Finally, ethanol and dichloromethane extracts exhibited relatively strong AChE inhibitory activity. HPLC analysis was used to examine and compare various solvent extracts for their compositions of isolates. We isolated four major chemical constituents and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, and AChE inhibitory activities. The bioactivity assays showed that mangiferin displayed the most potential antioxidant activities via FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide assays and also exhibited the most effective anti-AChE and anti-α-glucosidase activities among all the isolates. The present study suggests that A. asphodeloides and its active extracts and components are worth further investigation and might be expected to develop as a candidate for the treatment or prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases, AChE inhibition, and hyperglycemia.

Portulaca oleracea is a well-known species for traditional medicine and food homology in Taiwan. In traditional medicine, P. oleracea is also used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, liver inflammation, fever, severe inflammation, and headaches. We investigated antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from P. oleracea. Ethanol and acetone extracts showed potent DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts displayed significant superoxide radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. oleracea showed potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Examined and compared to the various solvent extracts for their chemical compositions using HPLC analysis, we isolated seven major compounds and analyzed their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Seven active compounds of P. oleracea, especially quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol, exhibited obvious antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. The molecular docking model and the hydrophilic interactive mode of tyrosinase and α-glucosidase revealed that active compounds might have a higher antagonistic effect than commonly inhibitors. Our result shows that the active solvent extracts and their components of P. oleracea have the potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Our results suggest that the active solvent extracts of P. oleracea and their components have potential as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

No abstract

2‐Styrylchromones, a C‐2 styrene derivative of chromones, possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. However, 2‐styrylchromones are scarce in nature but not to mention the amino‐substituted styrylchromones. We have synthesized fourteen 6‐amino‐2‐styrylchromones and evaluated their anti‐cancer activity on human caucasian colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT‐29). 6‐Amino‐2‐styrylchromones and related derivatives have never been revealed their pharmacology profiles. Among the novel fourteen compounds, we reported that compound 9 h exhibited its potential with the comparable activity with 5‐flurouracil (5‐FU) as a referenced drug.

The electromigration test of the microbump interconnects with Cu/Cu6Sn5/Cu structure is reported in this study. This Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound layer was singlecrystal like. The diameter of the microbumps in die-to-die stacking was 30 μm. Test vehicles were applied by a current density of 2.2x10 5 A/cm 2 and settled on a hotplate at 150 o C. The resistances of the microbumps were simultaneously monitored by the four point probe during the test procedure. The Cu6Sn5 transformed into Cu3Sn in the early stage and porous Cu3Sn generated in the Cu6Sn5 layer at later stages. The morphology of porous Cu3Sn could be caused by the current direction. The decomposition of Cu6Sn5 into Cu3Sn and Sn occurs during the EM test. The migration of Sn atoms to the periphery of the underbump-metallization was forced by the current stress, which may be the mechanism of the pore formation with the pore volume of 41.4%. More porous Cu3Sn was found in the cathode end which was an evidence of the EM effect. Finite element analysis was used to do some calculation based on theoretical stoichiometry and microstructures in the test results. The resistivity of porous Cu3Sn structure which was about 30 μΩ−cm which was three times larger than that of Cu3Sn. The porous Cu3Sn may threaten the reliability issues of microbumps.