Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy, but little is known about the presence or characteristics of MCC in mainland China. A retrospective chart review was conducted to describe the clinical profile of Merkel cell carcinoma in China. Methods At 18 cancer or dermatology hospitals in metropolitan centers from the six geographical regions of mainland China, approximately 3,100,000 pathology database and medical records were searched for cases that had a pathological diagnosis of MCC between 1970 and 2009. A case series was compiled from retrospective chart reviews of identified MCC patients. Results Eight out of 18 participating hospitals reported at least one record of a patient with a pathological diagnosis of MCC, and a total of 22 cases were identified. The median age of patients was 65.5, and 59% were female. The median time from the appearance of a lesion to the time of biopsy was 6 months, and the most common location of lesions was the head and neck. The most common treatment used was surgery alone. Conclusions MCC appears to be uncommon in mainland China. Patients in this series are elderly, often had lesions on the head/neck region, and most commonly received surgery alone as treatment. In contrast with MCC in Western countries, the current series' patients were all of Asian ethnicity, had larger lesions at presentation, and none were documented as having HIV or other forms of immunosuppression.

Objective To evaluate the real-world situation for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and poorly controlled disease risk factors in the Chinese community. Methods This retrospective multicentre study analysed data from COPDMICand MICHC in Shanghai Songjiang District, Shanghai, China. The differences in COPD Assessment Test (CAT), the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale, and the number of emergency cases, emergency visits, inpatient cases, and hospitalisations from January 2018 to December 2020 were analysed. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on COPD management was also assessed. Results For 2020 versus 2018, analysis of 468 COPD cases from COPDMIC matched with MICHC data showed significantly more patients with improved mMRC grades, significantly fewer emergency cases and emergency visits, and significantly fewer hospitalisation cases and hospitalisations. Differences in the number of emergency visits and hospitalisations per capita were statistically significant. Compared to GOLD 3–4, GOLD 1–2 patients showed significant improvements in CAT score, mMRC grade, the number of emergency visits and hospitalisations per capita. Treatment adherence from 2018 to 2020 was 25%, 29.1%, and 6.8%, and the proportion of medication regimens consistent with guidelines was 43.44%, 50.98%, and 71.87%, respectively. Higher treatment adherence resulted in significantly improved CAT scores and mMRC grades and fewer emergency department visits and hospitalisations per capita. Conclusion Combined with remote management tools, patients with COPD achieved continuous improvement in symptoms and exacerbations over 3 years. In the context of COVID-19 prevention/control measures, improvements were significant for patients with GOLD 1–2 COPD but limited with GOLD 3–4. Pharmacologic treatment significantly improved clinical symptoms and reduced emergency visits and hospitalisations. Severe airflow limitation and poor adherence to pharmacologic treatment were important risk factors for lack of disease remission.

Abstract. Cultural intermediary organization is an important part of the cultural industry. It can accelerate the circulation of the cultural product and the dissemination of cultural information. It plays promotion role on the development of China's cultural industry; the standardization of cultural market system, and the improvement of people's cultural quality. However, due to the short development time of cultural intermediary organizations in China, there are few problems, such as a small number of organizations, a low level of brand influence and professionalization, lack of standardization of management and unbalanced distribution of industries. In view of this, it is necessary to strengthen its regulation and management, promote its healthy and orderly development through government promotion and support. The Definition of Cultural Intermediary OrganizationWith deepening of the cultural system reform in China, the development of cultural industry has become an important step in the development of our cultural undertakings. However, the premise of developing cultural industry should be the development of cultural industry's related organizations. The cultural intermediary organization as one of the important cultural industries organization, it plays an increasingly prominent role in the development of cultural industries, so many scholars have proposed a regional cultural intermediary organization is a symbol of the prosperity of cultural industries development in the region. The Definition of Cultural Intermediary OrganizationAs for the definition of cultural intermediary organization, different scholars hold different understandings. This paper defines it from the point of view of industrial process in the cultural industry chain.According to the process of cultural industry, cultural organization could be divided into three parts, that is, 1. Creative organization 2. Production organization 3. Circulation organization [1]. These three types of organizations connect each other and constitute a complete industrial chain. The cultural intermediary organization belongs to the third category. So from this angle, the Cultural intermediary organization is defined as: in the cultural industry market, the cultural service institutions that provides information to both sides who trade in cultural products and services, to facilitate the circulation and trading of cultural products, and collects commissions as remuneration. As cultural intermediary, it is mainly engaged in cultural planning, agency, consultation and other activities, including the cultural brokerage, cultural auction organization, folk culture organization, cultural industry association, etc. [2]. The Function of Cultural Intermediary OrganizationThe main function of cultural intermediary organization is facilitating the circulation of cultural product and the dissemination of cultural information. Information asymmetry often occurs when cultural products are traded in the cultural markets. As a cultural intermediary organization, it can set up ...