This review covers the literature published by chemists from China during the 2015–2016 on natural products (NPs), with 1,985 citations referring to 6,944 new compounds isolated from marine or terrestrial microorganisms, plants, and animals. The emphasis is on 730 new compounds with a novel skeleton or/and significant bioactivity, together with their source organism and country of origin.

Three new dimeric polyketides, i.e., phaeochromycins I–K (1–3, respectively) and a known polyketide phaeochromycin F (4), were isolated from the culture broth of a saline Qinghai–Tibet Plateau permafrost soil-derived Streptomyces sp. 166#. The structures were determined by analyzing one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR as well as HRESIMS data. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited a selective antiproliferative activity against H1299 and HUCCT1 cell lines, exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 8.83 to 10.52 μM.