Over the last three decades, viral nervous necrosis (VNN), also known as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), has been one of the most devastating diseases in marine aquaculture and has caused a large number of mortalities and severe economic losses in a variety of cultured marine finfish species (Bandín & Souto, 2020;Munday et al., 2002). VNN infections have been reported in more than 50 fish species, including freshwater species in 32 fish fami-
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