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PURPOSE:To investigated the effects of exposure to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on bone development during the prenatal period in rats. METHODS:Pregnant rats in the experimental group were exposed to radiation for six, 12, and 24 hours daily for 20 days. No radiation was given to the pregnant rats in the control group. We distributed the newborn rats into four groups according to prenatal EMF exposure as follows: Group 1 was not exposed to EMF; groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to EMF for six, 12, and 24 hours a day, respectively. The rats were evaluated at the end of the 60th day following birth. RESULTS:Increasing the duration of EMF exposure during the prenatal period resulted in a significant reduction of resting cartilage levels and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. There was also a reduction in calcineurin activities in both bone and muscle tissues. We observed that the development of the femur, tibia, and ulna were negatively affected, especially with a daily EMF exposure of 24 hours. CONCLUSION:Bone and muscle tissue development was negatively affected due to prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field.

Background:Deep vein thrombosis leading to pulmonary embolism is one of the major complication after fracture. After a fracture occurs, the coagulation cascade activates thrombin, a protease that finally generates clotting. Dabigatran etexilate reduce clot formation by inhibiting thrombin. Dabigatran etexilate is a widely used drug for thromboprophylaxis. There is no study of the effects of dabigatran etexilate on fracture healing in the literature, so we aimed to evaluate the effects of dabigatran etexilate on fracture healing.Materials and Methods:Thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, each consisting of 6 rats. In all rats, right tibias were used for the fracture model. An oral regimen of dabigatran etexilate suspension in 0.5% hydroxyethylcellulose was administered to the rats. Although the first and second groups received 10 mg/kg daily doses, the third and fourth groups received 50 mg/kg daily doses. The fifth and sixth groups were assigned as sham groups and only hydroxyethylcellulose solution was administered. The first, third and fifth groups were sacrificed on 14th days; whereas the second, fourth and sixth groups were sacrificed on 28th days. Results were evaluated radiologically and histologically.Results:Radiologically and histologically no statistically significant differences were observed on the 14th day between the first, third and fifth groups; and on the 28th days between the second, fourth and sixth groups.Conclusion:Radiological and histological evaluations revealed that fracture healing was not affected by dabigatran etexilate. We think that dabigatran etexilate can be used for the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in patients with fractures, but further clinical studies are mandatory.

ÖzetAmaç:Erişkinlerde düşmeye bağlı ekstremite kırıkları ile görme bozuklukları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmak. Ge reç ve Yön tem: Çalışmaya 18 yaş üstü düşmeye bağlı ekstremite kırıkları oluşan 56 hasta (kırık grubu) dâhil edildi. Kontrol grubu (n=42), hastanemize rutin kontroller için gelen sağlıklı bireylerden seçildi. Her katılımcıya ayrıntılı bir göz muayenesi yapıldı. Grupların yaş ortalamaları Student t test ile karşılaştırıldı. Diğer sonuçların analizinde Ki-kare testi kullanıldı. Sonuçlar: Görme azlığı açısından değerlendirildiğinde kırık grubundaki oranın (%78,6) kontrol grubundaki orandan (%38,1) daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi (p<0,05). Tedavi edilebilir görme kaybı sebeplerinden katarakt ve refraksiyon kusuru oranları kırık grubunda kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (her iki p<0,05). Görme keskinlikleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde kırık grubundaki hastaların 28'inde (%50) görme keskinliği 0,5'in altındaydı. Kontrol grubunda ise bu sayı 8 (%19,1) idi. Tar t›fl ma: Bu çalışmada düşmeye bağlı ekstremite kırığı olan erişkinlerde görme bozukluğu olan hasta sayısının kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek olduğu gösterildi. Bu nedenle, erişkinlerde düzenli göz muayenelerinin yapılması, refraksiyon kusuru olan hastaların düzenli gözlük kullanımın sağlanması, katarakt gibi tedavi edilebilir hastalıklarının zamanında tedavi edilmesi bu yaş grubunda düşme sonucu oluşacak ekstremite kırıklarının oranını azaltacağını düşünmekteyiz. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 250-2) Anah tar Ke li me ler: Ekstremite kırıkları, görme bozukluğu, katarakt, refraksiyon kusuru Sum maryPur po se: To evaluate the association between the development of extremity fracture and visual impairment in adults. Ma te ri al and Met hod:This study included 56 patients (patient group) aged 18 years or older who had extremity fractures due to a fall. The control group (n=42) was selected from visitors who had regular medical check-ups at our hospital. Each participant underwent a full ophthalmologic examination. Mean age was compared by Student's t test. The other variables were compared by chi-square test. Re sults: The prevalence of subjects with visual impairment was significantly higher in the patients group (78.6%) than in the control group (38.1%) (p<0.05). The prevalence of treatable eye diseases such as cataract and refractive errors were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p<0.05 for both). Twenty-eight patients (50%) in the patient group and 8 subjects in the control group had visual acuities lower than 0.5 (p<0.05). Dis cus si on: We have found that the prevalence of visual impairment was significantly higher in adults with extremity fractures due to falls than in the control group. Hence, we believe that regular ophthalmological examination in adults, providing regular use of eyeglasses in patients with refractive errors, and timely treatment of treatable eye diseases such as cataract could decrease the extremity fractures from falls in adults. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 250-2)

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