Rex rabbit is an important small herbivore for fur and meat production. However, little is known about the gut microbiota in rex rabbit, especially regarding their relationship with different fecal types and growth of the hosts. We characterized the microbiota of both hard and soft feces from rex rabbits with high and low body weight by using the Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V4 region of the 16S rDNA. High weight rex rabbits possess distinctive microbiota in hard feces, but not in soft feces, from the low weight group. We detected the overrepresentation of several genera such as YS2/Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidales and underrepresentation of genera such as Anaeroplasma spp. and Clostridiaceae in high weight hard feces. Between fecal types, several bacterial taxa such as Ruminococcaceae, and Akkermansia spp. were enriched in soft feces. PICRUSt analysis revealed that metabolic pathways such as “stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, gingerol biosynthesis” were enriched in high weight rabbits, and pathways related to “xenobiotics biodegradation” and “various types of N-glycan biosynthesis” were overrepresented in rabbit soft feces. Our study provides foundation to generate hypothesis aiming to test the roles that different bacterial taxa play in the growth and caecotrophy of rex rabbits.

Theory suggests that plant interactions at the neighbourhood scale play a fundamental role in regulating biodiversity–productivity relationships (BPRs) in tree communities. However, empirical evidence of this prediction is rare, as little is known about how neighbourhood interactions scale up to influence community BPRs. Here, using a biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiment, we provide insights into processes underlying BPRs by demonstrating that diversity-mediated interactions among local neighbours are a strong regulator of productivity in species mixtures. Our results show that local neighbourhood interactions explain over half of the variation in observed community productivity along a diversity gradient. Overall, individual tree growth increased with neighbourhood species richness, leading to a positive BPR at the community scale. The importance of local-scale neighbourhood effects for regulating community productivity, however, distinctly increased with increasing community species richness. Preserving tree species diversity at the local neighbourhood scale, thus seems to be a promising way for promoting forest productivity.

Mammalian hibernation involves complex mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming and tissue protection. Previous gene expression studies of hibernation have mainly focused on changes at the mRNA level. Large scale proteomics studies on hibernation have lagged behind largely because of the lack of an adequate protein database specific for hibernating species. We constructed a ground squirrel protein database for protein identification and used a label-free shotgun proteomics approach to analyze protein expression throughout the torpor-arousal cycle during hibernation in arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). We identified more than 3,000 unique proteins from livers of arctic ground squirrels. Among them, 517 proteins showed significant differential expression comparing animals sampled after at least 8 days of continuous torpor (late torpid), within 5 h of a spontaneous arousal episode (early aroused), and 1-2 months after hibernation had ended (non-hibernating). Consistent with changes at the mRNA level shown in a previous study on the same tissue samples, proteins involved in glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis were significantly underexpressed at the protein level in both late torpid and early aroused animals compared with non-hibernating animals, whereas proteins involved in fatty acid catabolism were significantly overexpressed. On the other hand, when we compared late torpid and early aroused animals, there were discrepancies between mRNA and protein levels for a large number of genes. Proteins involved in protein translation and degradation, mRNA processing, and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly overexpressed in early aroused animals compared with late torpid animals, whereas no significant changes at the mRNA levels between these stages had been observed. Our results suggest that there is substantial post-transcriptional regulation of proteins during torporarousal cycles of hibernation. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 9:313-326, 2010.Hibernation is a survival strategy of regulated metabolic suppression adopted by a wide range of mammalian species to survive environmental conditions of low or unpredictable food availability (1, 2). Through complex cellular and molecular reorganization, hibernators have evolved the ability to sustain and spontaneously reverse profoundly low levels of body temperature and rates of oxygen consumption. For example, during torpor the arctic ground squirrel, Urocitellus parryii, adopts a core body temperature of Ϫ2.9°C and a minimum metabolic demand that is 2% of its normal, basal metabolic rate (3, 4). However, during the hibernation season, arctic ground squirrels, like all other small mammalian hibernators, alternate between prolonged torpor (to 24 days) and periodic arousal episodes when they spontaneously rewarm to euthermic body temperatures (36 -37°C) for 10 -15 h before returning to torpor. The genetic and molecular mechanisms of regulation and tolerance of hibernation and the functional significance of arousal episodes remain central questions in hibernati...

Lung injury and fibrosis represent the most significant outcomes of severe and acute lung disorders, including COVID-19. However, there are still no effective drugs to treat lung injury and fibrosis. In this study, we report the generation of clinical-grade human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived immunity-and matrix-regulatory cells (IMRCs) produced under good manufacturing practice requirements, that can treat lung injury and fibrosis in vivo. We generate IMRCs by sequentially differentiating hESCs with serumfree reagents. IMRCs possess a unique gene expression profile distinct from that of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs), such as higher expression levels of proliferative, immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic genes. Moreover, intravenous delivery of IMRCs inhibits both pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mouse models of lung injury, and significantly improves the survival rate of the recipient mice in a dose-dependent manner, likely through paracrine regulatory mechanisms. IMRCs are superior to both primary UCMSCs and the FDA-approved drug pirfenidone, with an excellent efficacy and safety profile in mice and monkeys. In light of public health crises involving pneumonia, acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, our findings suggest that IMRCs are ready for clinical trials on lung disorders.