In order to obtain more secondary metabolites in one single strain possessing genetic potential to produce different compounds, one easiest way is to vary the culture conditions. This approach was termed 'one strain many compounds' (OSMAC). 1 As either endophytic or pathogenic fungus on living plant, the genera Pestalotiopsis spp. are prolific fungi, and our prior chemical studies of the species of this genus have led to the isolation of a variety of new/novel different bioactive compounds, 2-15 which revealed that the genera Pestalotiopsis spp. possessed the biogenetic potential to produce different secondary metabolites with a broad range of bioactive effects. Photinides A-F with unique benzofuranone-derived g-lactone skeleton have been isolated from the extract of Pestalotiopsis photiniae (L461) grown in SA media culture. 5 In contrast, the crude isolate of the same fungus cultivated in rice-media culture in static condition produced two new d-lactone derivatives named photipyrones A (2) and B (3), along with four known analogues namely LL-P880a (1), 16 LL-P880b (4), 17 1 0 -hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (5), 18 and 1 0 ,2 0 -dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6) 16 ( Figure 1) completely different from photinides A-F from SA media culture. In this note, we will present the isolation, structure elucidation and bioactivities of these compounds.The culture of P. photiniae was isolated from the plant Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) Cook collected from Jianfeng Mountain, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China, in April 2005. The isolate was identified by one of the authors (LG) based on morphology and sequence analysis of the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA and was assigned the accession number L461 in LG's culture collection at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. The fungal strain was cultured on slants of potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 1C for 10 days. The agar plugs were used to inoculate 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 50 ml of media (0.4% glucose, 1% malt extract and 0.4% yeast extract), and the final pH of the media was adjusted to 6.5 before sterilization. Flask cultures were incubated at 25 1C on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm for 5 days. Fermentation was carried out in four 500 ml Fernbach flasks, each containing 75 g of rice. Spore inoculum was prepared by suspension in sterile, distilled H 2 O to give a final spore/cell suspension of 1 Â 10 6 ml À1 . Distilled H 2 O (100 ml) was added to each flask and the contents were soaked overnight before autoclaving at 15 lb in À2 for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, each flask was inoculated with 5.0 ml of the spore inoculum and incubated at 25 1C for 40 days.The fermented material was extracted with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; 3 Â 500 ml), and the organic solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to afford 4.9 g of crude extract, which was fractionated by silica-gel normal chromatography using CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH gradient elution. The fraction eluted with 98:2 CH 2 Cl 2 -CH 3 OH was separated...