ContextThe autopsy rate gradually decreased during 1950–1999, and increased during the most recent decade (2000–2009). The diagnostic inaccuracy rate was continuously high during the 60 years.ObjectiveTo investigate disagreement between the pathological and clinical diagnosis during 60 years (1950–2009).Data SourcesA 60-year retrospective study was carried out on the 4140 autopsy cases performed in Zhejiang University School of Medicine.ResultsThe highest number of cases was 1037 during 1960–1969, while the lowest was 102 during 1990–1999. During the 1999–2009 period, 978 cases were completed, which ranked second within the 60 years. The total clinical misdiagnosis rate was 46.38%, while the highest was 73.82% in 2000–2009. During the 60 years, the diseases associated with highest diagnostic inaccuracy rates were circulatory diseases (76.97%), cancer (60.99%), and brain diseases (54.48%). The invasive fungal infection rate was 1.84% of the 4140 cases, and the diagnostic inaccuracy rate for this condition reached as high as 86.10%. In the autopsied disease spectrum over the 60 years, the most common diseases were respiratory (1349, 32.58%), circulatory (495, 11.96%), and brain diseases (424, 10.24%).ConclusionAlthough the number of autopsies decreased from 1950 to 1999, it increased from 2000 to 2009, while the discordance rate between clinical and autopsy diagnosis remained high throughout.

In this paper, long aramid fiber (LAF) reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber/ carbon black composites was prepared via a high pressure and low shear rate extrusion process, and the average length of the remaining fiber exceeded 6 mm. With LAF as reinforcement phase, the bonding between the fiber coated with butadiene styrene vinyl-pyridine rubber latex and rubber matrix was increased. The results showed that the addition of LAF improved the properties of the composites, particularly in terms of dynamic fatigue life of the notched samples, which was increased by 352.7%. The long fibers with good interfacial bonding were peeled off in fatigue process, which can significantly absorb strain energy; thus, the propagation of fatigue cracks was effectively inhibited. This study proposes a feasible strategy to significantly improve the service life of rubber products under alternating stress, such as tires, by using the reinforcement of long fiber.

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Grafted maleic anhydrides (MAHs) are common compatibilizers, and the Epoxy (EP) group exhibits high activity of epoxy functional groups and strong affinity with both acidic and basic groups. Therefore, high efficiency and broad-spectrum compatibilizers can be obtained by grafting these two monomers onto the polymer molecular chain. In this study, the grafted MAH was used as the graft platform to add the second graft monomer, and the bisphenol A epoxy resin (E51) with two epoxy functional groups or the tri-epoxy functional triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), was added into the polylactic acid molecular chain, in order to prepare the double-monomer grafted PLA compatibilizers. Three kinds of compatibilizers, polylactic acid grafted maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MAH), polylactic acid double grafted maleic anhydride/ bisphenol A epoxy resin (PLA-g-MAH-E51), and polylactic acid double grafted maleic anhydride/triglycidyl isocyanurate (PLA-g-MAH-TGIC) were successfully prepared using this single-step method. Finally, FTIR and 1 H-NMR were adopted to measure the grafting degrees and structures of the grafted products.The grafting degree of PLA-g-MAH20% was 5.36%, the MAH and EP grafting degrees of PLA-g-MAH 20%-E51 6% were 2.47% and 1.15%, respectively, and the MAH and EP grafting degrees of PLA-g-MAH 20%-TGIC6% were 2.30% and 0.93%, respectively. A portion of that EP was grafted onto the PLA molecular chain by reacting with grafted anhydride, resulting in a decrease in the number of grafted anhydride groups.

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