This chapter examines the property rights over petroleum in situ between the federal, state, and local governments in a federation. It also discusses the legal character of the various property rights given to companies for exploration and development under the various petroleum licences and leases, production-sharing contracts, pure service contracts, joint ventures, and other petroleum arrangements, as well as the rights of communities where petroleum exploration and production activities are carried out. The chapter focuses particularly on developing countries, although, where necessary and relevant, comparisons are made with more developed economies.
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