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This paper brings producer services “bringing in” and “going out” into the same analytical framework and explains the influence mechanism of producer services opening on the development of servitization from three aspects of import trade, FDI, and OFDI. On this basis, using the latest input-output data of WIOD, this paper constructs some indicators to measure the openness of producer services such as import trade penetration, FDI penetration, and OFDI penetration and then empirically tests the impact of producer services openness on the development of servitization in China. The results show that the openness of producer services has a significant positive impact on the development of China’s servitization. In addition, the robustness analysis based on variable substitution and different estimation methods shows that the conclusions are robust. The heterogeneity test shows that the impact of producer services openness on servitization has heterogeneity. The specific performance is as follows: there is different impact of producer service sector openness on the development of servitization; the impact of producer service openness on the development of servitization with different factor intensities is also different; and there is also different impact of producer service sector openness on the development of servitization with different factor intensities. The policy implications of these research conclusions are as follows: firstly, taking co-construction of the “Belt and Road” as a chance to promote the new open pattern; secondly, focusing on expanding the openness of high-end producer services; and thirdly, taking innovation driven development as the guide to increase R&D investment of producer services.

According to different agglomeration patterns of producer services, the paper empirically tests the impact of producer services agglomeration on industrial structure upgrading by using the data of 59 prefecture level cities in China's four major urban agglomerations from 2005 to 2018. The results show that producer services agglomeration in the four urban agglomerations has a significant impact on industrial structure upgrading, and the robustness test show that the research conclusion is reliable, but the impact effects of different agglomeration patterns on industrial structure upgrading are different. Specifically, producer services specialization agglomeration has a "U" shaped effect on industrial structure upgrading, while diversification agglomeration has an inverted "U" shaped effect on industrial structure upgrading. The unbalanced economic development between urban agglomerations determines that there are differences in the impact of producer services agglomeration on industrial structure upgrading. Therefore, the paper further empirically tests the impact of producer services agglomeration on industrial structure upgrading from a regional perspective. The results show that the impact of producer services agglomeration on industrial structure upgrading shows obvious regional differences in action direction, action stage and extreme point, et al. Basing on the conclusions of the research, the paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions to accelerate the industrial structure upgrading of China's four major urban agglomerations from the aspects of accelerating the agglomeration development of producer services and formulating differentiated development strategies.

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Stimulated by the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), Chinese enterprises are participating in the markets of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). With the Chinese local SOEs from 2007 to 2017 as samples, this paper empirically verified the impact of the introduction of foreign-invested shares (foreign shares for short) on the international competitiveness of these enterprises, as well as the mediation effect of the BRI strategy. In this paper, we propose neuro -fuzzy network based correlation analysis and empirical analysis found that there’s a significant positive correlation between the introduction of foreign shares and the international competitiveness of Chinese local SOEs, that is, compared with local SOEs without foreign shares, those with foreign shares enjoy stronger international competitiveness when participating in the Central and Eastern European market; after the mediation effect of BRI has been taken into consideration, the introduction of foreign shares further strengthened the positive impact on the international competitiveness of these enterprises. This is because the BRI has significantly promoted the participation of Chinese SOEs in the Central and Eastern European market.