Glomerular CD163 macrophages are the predominant phenotype in the kidneys of lupus patients. These findings indicate that the u-sCD163 level can serve as a biomarker for macrophage-dependent glomerular inflammation in human LN.

Those responsible for the development of sonosensitizers are faced with a dilemma between high sonosensitization efficacy and good biosecurity that limited the development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Herein, inspired by the intriguing therapeutic features of SDT and the potential catalytic activity of graphene quantum dots, the potential of N‐doped graphene quantum dots (N‐GQDs) to act as a sonosensitizer is demonstrated. The superior sonosensitization effect of N‐GQDs is believed to be three to five times higher than that of traditional sonosensitizers (such as porphyrin, porphyrin Mn, porphyrin Zn, TiO2, etc.). More importantly, the sonochemical mechanism of N‐GQDs is revealed. Pyrrole N and pyridine N are believed to form catalytic centers in sonochemical processing of N‐GQDs. This knowledge is important from the perspective of understanding the structure‐dependent SDT enhancement of carbon nanostructure. Moreover, N‐GQDs modified by folic acid (FA‐N‐GQDs) show a high marker rate for tumor cells (greater than 96%). Both in vitro and in vivo therapeutic results have exhibited high tumor inhibition efficiency (greater than 90%) of FA‐N‐GQDs as sonosensitizers while the oxidative stress response of tumor cells is activated through the PEX pathway and induced apoptosis via the p53 pathway.

The demand for exploiting hydrogen as a new energy source has driven the development of feasible, efficient, and low-cost electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in different reaction media. Herein, we report the synthesis of molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) nanoparticles anchored on graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as HER electrocatalyst that can function well under acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. GNRs obtained by unzipping carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display strip-like structure, offering abundant active sites for growing Mo2C nanoparticles. Furthermore, GNRs could provide a fast electron transport pathway as well as large exposed surface area to allow full impregnation of electrolytes. Coupling with the anticorrosion feature of Mo2C nanoparticles, the Mo2C–GNR hybrid exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic performance in all of the acidic, basic, and neutral media, making it promising as a highly efficient electrocatalyst under conditions at all pH values.