Large eddy simulations were conducted to simulate the flow in compound meandering channels whose main channel sinuosity was 1.381. Then, the floodplain vegetation was generalized using the momentum equation coupled with the drag force formula. The mean flow pattern, secondary flow, coherent structure, turbulence characteristics, and lateral mass and momentum transport with and without floodplain vegetation with relative depths ( Dr) of 0.3–0.5 were studied. Results showed that the floodplain vegetation enabled the flow of the main channel to be more concentrated. The maximum average velocity in the cross section of the main channel increased by 100% and 30% when the relative depth was 0.3 and 0.5. Under the influence of floodplain vegetation, the secondary flow cell transformed greatly with the change in relative depth. When Dr < 0.3, the vegetation caused the vortex center of the secondary flow to move closer to the concave bank side, and the secondary flow distribution presents a flow pattern not flooding the floodplain. When Dr > 0.3, the spatial change in the secondary flow was not obvious. In addition, the floodplain vegetation did not change the large-scale vortex that was separated from the boundary layer of the convex bank side. Meanwhile, the floodplain vegetation increased the overall turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stress of the main channel, and it increased the range of lateral mass exchange of the inbank flow and the mean and turbulent transport flux of each cross section.