Certain host genetic variants, especially in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region, are associated with different progression of HIV-1-induced diseases and AIDS. Long term non progressors (LTNP) represent only the 2% of infected patients but are especially relevant because of their efficient HIV control. In this work we present a global analysis of genetic data in the large national multicenter cohort of Spanish LTNP, which is compared with seronegative individuals and HIV-positive patients. We have analyzed whether several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including in key genes and certain HLA-A and B alleles could be associated with a specific HIV phenotype. A total of 846 individuals, 398 HIV-1-positive patients (213 typical progressors, 55 AIDS patients, and 130 LTNPs) and 448 HIV-negative controls, were genotyped for 15 polymorphisms and HLA-A and B alleles. Significant differences in the allele frequencies among the studied populations identified 16 LTNP-associated genetic factors, 5 of which were defined for the first time as related to LTNP phenotype: the protective effect of HLA-B39, and the detrimental impact of HLA-B18, -A24, -B08 and –A29. The remaining eleven polymorphisms confirmed previous publications, including the protective alleles HLA-B57, rs2395029 (HCP5), HLA bw4 homozygosity, HLA-B52, HLA-B27, CCR2 V64I, rs9264942 (HLA-C) and HLA-A03; and the risk allele HLA bw6 homozygosity. Notably, individual Spanish HIV-negative individuals had an average of 0.12 protective HLA alleles and SNPs, compared with an average of 1.43 protective alleles per LTNP patient, strongly suggesting positive selection of LTNP. Finally, stratification of LTNP according to viral load showed a proportional relationship between the frequency of protective alleles with control of viral load. Interestingly, no differences in the frequency of protection/risk polymorphisms were found between elite controllers and LTNPs maintaining viral loads <2.000 copies/mL throughout the follow-up.

Keywords: influenza A virus, innate immune response, respiratory syncytial virus, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) Abbreviations: HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; DMEM, Dulbeccos Modified Eagles medium; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; dpi, days post-infection.The plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is required for lung infiltration by innate immune cells in respiratory bacterial infections. In order to verify if this held true for respiratory viruses, wild type (WT) and uPAR knockout (uPAR ¡/¡ ) mice were inoculated intranasally with the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and the influenza A virus. At several days post-infection (dpi), viral titers in the lungs were determined while cell infiltrates in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In the case of influenza A, body weight loss and mortality were also monitored. Only minor differences were observed between infected WT and uPAR ¡/¡ mice, primarily in influenza virus replication and pathology. These results indicate that uPAR does not play a major role in limiting virus replication or in orchestrating the innate immune response against HRSV or influenza infections in mice. This suggests that there are fundamental differences in the immune control of the viral infections studied here and those caused by bacteria.

Movies had been a form of entertainment ever since it was established as form of media arts.There are several reasons why people watch movies, it could be a form or escape, for self-development for pure entertainment. There are different kinds or movie or film-genres, this includes actions, adventures, suspense, supernatural, magical, fictional and futuristic as well as romance and thriller, and rarely produce historical film. Thus, this study was conducted that aimed to determine the level of awareness of Northwestern University students on the Filipino historical films. Specifically, for the following objectives: (1) To determine the level of awareness of students towards the existence of Filipino historical films; (2) To know the level of perception of students on the relevance of Filipino historical films; (3) determine the genres the students are interested and (4) to developed to promote Filipino historical films.A quantitative-qualitative methodology was employed to determine the level of awareness and perception of the Northwestern University students on Filipino Historical Films. Data was gathered through a guided survey questionnaire. Based on the results, the respondents were aware on the existence of Filipino Historical Films, however to make them fully aware of it and for them to become more interested to it, the researchers conducted a film viewing activity featuring Filipino Historical film as campaign and desired output of the study.