An air-stable N-heterocyclic carbene–copper thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC) complex has been prepared for the stereoselective hydroboration of terminal alkynes using pinacolborane (HBpin) or 1,8-naphthalenediaminatoborane (HBdan).

Aloe vera has been used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry for its therapeutic properties. However, there are not many current studies on the microstructure of A. vera compared to studies on the chemical constituents and health effi cacy of A. vera. Therefore, we compared the morphology of an A. vera leaf using an optical microscope, a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a cryo-SEM. Especially, this study focused on observing the gel in the inner leaf of A. vera, which is challenging using standard imaging techniques. We found that cryo-SEM is most suitable method for the observation of highly hydrated biomaterials such as A. vera without removing moisture in samples. In addition, we found the optimal analytical conditions of cryo-SEM. The sublimation conditions of-100°C and 10 minutes possibly enable the surface of the inner leaf of A. vera to be observed in their "near life-like" state with retaining moisture. The experiment was repeated with A. arborescens and A. saponaria to confirm the feasibility of the conditions. The results of this study can be applied towards the basic research of aloe and further extend previous knowledge about the surface structures of the various succulent plants.

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