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Objectives: The present study investigated whether children with normal language (NL) and children with delay in vocabulary development (VD) show difference in performance on non-word repetition and quick incidental learning (QUIL), whether these factors correlate with one another, and whether these factors could predict children's receptive vocabulary. Methods: The study included children between 2 to 6 years of age, 19 NL and 19 VD. The experiments consisted of two tasks: non-word repetition to measure phonological memory, and QUIL to measure vocabulary learning ability. We compared group performances on each task. We also investigated correlations among factors and predictors. Results: The results were as followed. There were significant differences between two groups on all two tasks showing that children with VD performed significantly lower than children with NL. In the VD group, receptive vocabulary correlated only with the non-word repetition task, whereas receptive vocabulary correlated with both non-word repetition and QUIL tasks in the NL group. The strongest factor which predicted children's receptive vocabulary was QUIL in NL group, whereas non-word repetition predicted VD group's receptive vocabulary the most. Conclusion: The results show that implicit learning ability could be the important factor only in young NL group when they learn receptive vocabularies. On the other hand, phonological short-term memory promotes receptive vocabulary learning in VD group. It indicates that children with VD inefficiently learn vocabularies compared to NL children, and if children with VD could facilitate implicit learning ability, it could result in effective vocabulary learning.

This study was conducted to investigate nutrient consumption by Korean adults in various places. To accomplish this, we used the 1998-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects of this investigation were over 19 years and the study included 37,160 people. The meals were categorized as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks consumed at home, or while eating-out. Investigation of the rate of consumption at serving places based on daily meals and years showed that eating-out generally increased with time. The consumption of meals prepared at home was higher than that of meals consumed anyplace else in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009. However, the rate of consumption of home meals decreased from 1998 to 2007-2009, while the rate of eating-out increased during this period. Annual nutrient intake according to serving places with respect to meals, energy, fat, and sodium were significantly lower in home meals than those consumed elsewhere in 2007-2009 relative to 1998. The sodium intake and energy distribution ratio of fat in meals consumed while eating-out increased significantly from 1998 to 2007-2009. The energy, fat and sodium intake and energy contribution ratio of fat consumed in meals at institutions was significantly higher in 2007-2009 than in 1998. Based on these results, additional research is required to develop guidelines for dietary life improvement at each serving place and to address education and policies for balanced nutrition intake.

This work was supported by BK21plus project by the Korean Government. Objectives: The development of executive function (EF) in childhood can be understood in terms of 'consciousness' development. As age increases, the potential of conscious control of thoughts and behaviors for child can be increased. This study examined the relationship of EF and word learning in children with and without vocabulary delay (VD). Methods: Thirty-five 5-to-6-year-old children with VD and 35 age-matched children with typically developing (TD) participated in this study. Participants' performance was assessed with Quick Incidental Learning (QUIL) for novel word learning, nonword repetition (NWR) for working memory, the Stop Signal Task (SST) for inhibitory control, and the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) for cognitive flexibility. Accuracy and reaction time in the SST and DCCS were obtained using E-Prime Software; only accuracy was measured in the QUIL and NWR task. MANOVA, correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the VD group had significantly lower accuracy on the QUIL and NWR, poorer performance on the DCCS, and longer reaction time on the SST than the TD group. The strongest predictor of novel word learning was accuracy in DCCS for the VD group. Conclusion: These results indicate that children with VD require conscious effort to activate their EF instead of learning novel words automatically like their typically developing peers, who acquire new words relatively easily without additional cognitive burdens.

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