Production of thromboxane (TX) A 2 and PG I 2 /prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) is increased in patients with atherosclerosis. However, their roles in atherogenesis have not been critically defined. To examine this issue, we cross-bred atherosclerosis-prone apoE-deficient mice with mice deficient in either the TXA receptor (TP) or the PGI receptor (IP). Although they showed levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride similar to those of apoE-deficient mice, apoE -/-TP -/-mice exhibited a significant delay in atherogenesis, and apoE -/-IP -/-mice exhibited a significant acceleration in atherogenesis compared with mice deficient in apoE alone. The plaques in apoE -/-IP -/-mice showed partial endothelial disruption and exhibited enhanced expression of ICAM-1 and decreased expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) in the overlying endothelial cells compared with those of apoE -/-TP -/-mice. Platelet activation with thrombin ex vivo revealed higher and lower sensitivity for surface P-selectin expression in platelets of apoE -/-IP -/-and apoE -/-TP -/-mice, respectively, than in those of apoE -/-mice. Intravital microscopy of the common carotid artery revealed a significantly greater number of leukocytes rolling on the vessel walls in apoE -/-IP -/-mice than in either apoE -/-TP -/-or apoE -/-mice. We conclude that TXA 2 promotes and PGI 2 prevents the initiation and progression of atherogenesis through control of platelet activation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction.

Production of thromboxane (TX) A 2 and PG I 2 /prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) is increased in patients with atherosclerosis. However, their roles in atherogenesis have not been critically defined. To examine this issue, we cross-bred atherosclerosis-prone apoE-deficient mice with mice deficient in either the TXA receptor (TP) or the PGI receptor (IP). Although they showed levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride similar to those of apoE-deficient mice, apoE -/-TP -/-mice exhibited a significant delay in atherogenesis, and apoE -/-IP -/-mice exhibited a significant acceleration in atherogenesis compared with mice deficient in apoE alone. The plaques in apoE -/-IP -/-mice showed partial endothelial disruption and exhibited enhanced expression of ICAM-1 and decreased expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) in the overlying endothelial cells compared with those of apoE -/-TP -/-mice. Platelet activation with thrombin ex vivo revealed higher and lower sensitivity for surface P-selectin expression in platelets of apoE -/-IP -/-and apoE -/-TP -/-mice, respectively, than in those of apoE -/-mice. Intravital microscopy of the common carotid artery revealed a significantly greater number of leukocytes rolling on the vessel walls in apoE -/-IP -/-mice than in either apoE -/-TP -/-or apoE -/-mice. We conclude that TXA 2 promotes and PGI 2 prevents the initiation and progression of atherogenesis through control of platelet activation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction.