Multilayers of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O x /Bi2Sr2Cu1O x were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using the fourth harmonic 266 nm YAG. Compared to an excimer laser, YAG PLD required the higher oxygen atmosphere. The higher oxygen pressure together with the lower energy generated by YAG laser collapsed the region of plume emission. In order to produce the same energy density as an excimer, only Q-switch was modulated by 2 Hz while the flash lamp kept the original repetition rate of 10 Hz. With the rate of 2 Hz, we obtained the higher energy density per pulse, and more stable laser output of the fourth harmonics, 266 nm. To characterize the multilayers, reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed, and indicative of epitaxial layers with limited in-plane order. The resistivities of multilayers were measured by the Van der Pauw method, and showed the temperatures of superconducting transition, T c0 (R=0), around 65 K on the multilayers.

Manga are graphic novels that are considered to have the potential to effectively convey concepts and engage readers. The efficacy of manga has been validated for chemical safety education to students in three universities in Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. Students were asked to examine a photo to identify hazards and hazardous behaviors that can potentially lead to accidents before and after reading a manga that explains the risk of fires and explosions. The identified hazards/hazardous behaviors were classified into seven categories, and the average number of hazards/hazardous behaviors was determined in each category. The differences before and after the lesson were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of manga as an educational tool. In the students' answers, in all three of the universities, some common features were observed: Subjects easily identified certain hazardous conditions in the photo, particularly noting deficient or unsuitable personal protective equipment. The hazards/hazardous behaviors that can potentially result in ignitions, fires, and explosions were more likely to be identified after the lesson. Many students found the manga a helpful tool for learning chemical safety.

X-ray reciprocal space mapping (XRSM) was employed to investigate epitaxial Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox(Bi-2212) film. Ordinal cross section XRSM (ω-2θ) and plan view XRSM (ω-ψ) clearly indicated asymmetric intensity distribution of four satellite peaks caused by supercell structure of Bi-2212 film. Modulation vector estimated by XRSM was q=0.2b*+0.9c*. The XRSM image simulated by sawtooth wave vector showed good agreement with asymmetric satellite peaks observed on epitaxial film.

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was grown on Si(100) substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The laser used in this study was a 266 nm YAG laser with a second function generator modulating only the Q-switch while the primary generator modulated the flash lamp (slower Q-switch). Epitaxial growth was verified on YSZ film deposited without oxygen gas followed by primary deposition in oxygen atmosphere on Si substrate with a ∼0.4-nm-thin oxide layer. The crystallinity was strongly dependent on the thickness of the buffer layer deposited prior to the primary deposition of YSZ. The epitaxial growth was confirmed by φ scan, and ω scan (rocking curve) showed the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 1.1 deg. The required oxygen pressure for epitaxial growth was quite high compared to that of excimer deposition.

Interdependence of elastic strain and segregation in metallic multilayers: An x-ray diffraction study of (111) Au/Ni multilayers J.Lattice-charge stripes and spectral weight near the fermi surface AIP Conf. O x ͑Bi-2201͒ multilayer was investigated by x-ray diffraction methods in order to investigate the effect of internal strain on structural modulation. In multilayered structure, the effect of internal strain is more prominent than in an aliovalent substitution, such as a substitution of La 3+ for Sr 2+ . X-ray reciprocal space mapping ͑XRSM͒ was taken on the -2 plane ͑cross-section XRSM͒ in order to estimate the lattice constants along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions, and -2 scan was used to verify the multilayered structure. Another XRSM method, plan-view XRSM, was employed to verify the in-plane symmetry of structural modulation on theplane. The structural modulation was observed on both the cross-section and plan-view XRSM. The lattice constants together with the modulation vector in multilayer were varied by the multilayer periods without any substitution in the original structure.