A novel, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, motile and short rod-shaped bacterium, strain KBL006(T) was isolated from the larval gut of Hermetia illucens, Black soldier fly. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KBL006(T) showed 96.4 % similarity to that of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica S5(T). Strain KBL006(T) grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1-2 % (w/v) NaCl. Oxidase activity and catalase activity were positive. The major fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c, C14:0, and C16:0. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol, and two phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.2 mol%. Based on these polyphasic data, strain KBL006(T) is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Wohlfahrtiimonas, for which the name Wohlfahrtiimonas larvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KBL006(T) (= KACC 16839(T) = JCM 18424(T)).

optimally at 37 6C, at pH 6.0 and with 1-2 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KBL009 T showed 97.6 % similarity to that of Paenalcaligenes hominis CCUG 53761AT indicating its classification with the genus Paenalcaligenes. The major fatty acids were cyclo-C 17 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and summed feature 2 (comprising C 14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C 16 : 1 ). The respiratory quinones were ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), predominating, and a minor amount of Q-7. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown aminolipid and five unknown polar lipids. The polyamine pattern contained predominantly putrescine and relatively high amounts of spermidine. The betaproteobacterial-specific 2-hydroxyputrescine could only be detected in trace amounts. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 56.1 mol%. The genus Paenalcaligenes in the class Betaproteobacteria, which is phylogenetically closely related to the genus Alcaligenes, was described by Kämpfer et al. (2010). Currently, the type species of the genus, Paenalcaligenes hominis CCUG 53761A T , which was isolated from human blood of an 85-year-old man in Göteborg, Sweden, is the only species within this genus. Here, we report on the classification of a second species of the genus Paenalcaligenes that was isolated from the larval gut of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly; BSF). BSF larvae are known to dramatically reduce food waste and to convert the nutrients from food waste and manure into insect larval biomass (Kim et al., 2008;Diener et al., 2009). Thus, the BSF larva itself is a potential high protein and high energy feed as well as a resource for isolation of novel species of bacteria, archaea, yeasts and protists from insect guts of adults and larvae (Breznak, 1982;Brauman et al., 2001;Hongoh et al., 2003;Schmitt-Wagner et al., 2003;Ohkuma, 2008;Kudo, 2009;Jeon et al., 2011;Kim et al., 2013). Strain KBL009T was isolated from the larval gut of H. illucens fed with Korean food waste. Isolation was performed using the standard dilution-plating method and incubated under aerobic conditions at 20 u C on marine agar (MA; MB cell). For purification, a single colony was repeatedly streaked on tryptic soy agar (TSA; MB cell). Gram staining was done using a Gram staining kit (Sigma) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cell morphology and Gram reaction of strain KBL009 T Abbreviations: DPG, diphosphatidylglycerol; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; AL, unknown aminolipid.The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KBL009T is JN873915.