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Agricultural land application of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae manure (PM) is a common process that improves soil fertility and increases crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of PM on the growth of lettuce and soil chemical properties. Lettuce was planted in silt loam soil amended with three rates of PM 0 (CF), 540 (CFP1), and 1,080 (CFP2) kg 10a -1 with chemical fertilizer (20.0 kg 10a -1 N, 5.9 kg 10a -1 P 2 O 5 , and 12.8 kg 10a -1 K 2 O) and animal mixed compost 540 kg 10a -1 with chemical fertilizer (CFC). Increasing rates of PM caused a significant increase in soil organic matter content and yield of lettuce compared to CF (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that Protaetia brevitarsis larvae manure can be used as an organic fertilizer to raise crops.

BACKGROUND: Although the calcined oyster shell can be used as a calcium-rich adsorbent for phosphate removal, information about it is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phosphate adsorption characteristics and its mechanism using calcined oyster shells. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, calcined oyster shell (C-OS600) was prepared by calcining oyster shells (P-OS) at 600℃ for 20 min. Phosphate adsorption by C-OS600 was performed under various environmental conditions. Phosphate adsorption by C-OS600 occurred rapidly at the beginning of the reaction, and the time to reach equilibrium was less than 1 h. The optimal isotherm and kinetic models for predicting the adsorption of phosphate by C-OS600 were the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacity derived from the Langmuir isotherm was 68.0 mg/g. The adsorption properties of phosphate by C-OS600 were dominantly influenced by the initial pH and C-OS600 dose. In addition, SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis clearly showed a difference in C-OS600 before and after phosphate adsorption, which proved that phosphate was adsorbed on the surface of C-OS600. CONCLUSION: Overall, the calcined oyster shell can be considered as an useful and effective adsorbent to treat wastewater containing phosphate.

Purpose: This study purposes how technology-based self service(TBSS) convenience affect corporate trust, and customer's long-term orientation in the relationship of customers. Method: Based on the collected data, the effects of relationship effect on customer's long-term orientation have been empirically analyzed between the effect of the technology-based self service(TBSS) convenience and corporate trust by conducting a frequency analysis, a factor analysis and a reliability analysis using the SPSS program. Results: First, as a result of verifying the effect of technology-based self service(TBSS) convenience on corporate trust it was found that transaction convenience and post-benefit convenience has a positive influence on corporate trust. Second, as a result of verifying the effect of corporate trust on customer's long-term orientation, it was confirmed that corporate trust on has a positive influence on customer's long-term orientation. Third, in terms of the mediating role of corporate trust between technology-based self service(TBSS) convenience and customer's long-term orientation, it revealed indirect effect in the relationship. Conclusion: Consequently, It carried out examination about the effect on customer's long-term orientation caused by technology-based self service(TBSS) convenience are effective management system to enhance corporate trust.

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