Lumbar foraminal pathology causing entrapment of neurovascular contents and radicular symptoms are commonly associated with foraminal stenosis. Foraminal neuropathy can also be derived from inflammation of the neighboring lateral recess or extraforaminal spaces. Conservative and interventional therapies have been used for the treatment of foraminal inflammation, fibrotic adhesion, and pain. This update reviews the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and current treatment options of foraminal neuropathy.

The data showed excellent spread of contrast into the nerve root and the ventral epidural space in all patients. There were no inadvertent vascular or neural complications. LIVE approach can be an alternative way to achieve targeted ventral epidural injection.

Our observations suggest that 5% lidocaine may be used safely and effectively for the purpose of prolonged analgesia in selected patients with intractable chronic pain syndromes.

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