The intracluster ion-molecule reactions occurring within the titanium/methanol heterocluster ions are studied using a simple cluster source based on the mixing of the laser-ablated plasma with the supersonic expansion of a methanol vapor seeded in Ar carrier gas. The product ions are detected using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra exhibit a major sequence of cluster ions with the formula Ti + (CH 3 O) 2 (CH 3 -OH) n , which are attributed to the hydrogen elimination reactions (-2H or -H 2 ) of Ti + ion within the heteroclusters. In addition, heterocluster ions of the types Ti + (CH 3 O)(CH 3 OH) n and Ti + (CH 3 O) 3 (CH 3 OH) n also emerge throughout the observed mass spectra, indicating that consecutive H-eliminations by the Ti + ion occur for up to three methanol molecules. The results from isotope-labeling experiments suggest that H-elimination is the reaction path for O-H bond breaking in Ti + -methanol heteroclusters. The observed TiOH + and TiO + ions are interpreted as arising from the insertion of Ti + ions into the C-O bond in CH 3 OH, followed by CH 3 -and CH 4 -elimination, respectively, from the [HO-Ti + -CH 3 ] intermediate. The experiments also show that the chemical reactivity of heterocluster ions is greatly influenced by cluster size and argon stagnation pressure. The reaction energetics and formation mechanisms of the observed heterocluster ions are also discussed.

Abstract. [Purpose] Several exercises aim to strengthen the abductor hallucis (AbdH) of the foot arch which acts as a shock absorber. The purpose of the present study was to compare various exercises designed to strengthen the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) by selectively recruiting the AbdH in order to identify the most effective exercise method.[Subjects] Six males and six females participated in this study.[Methods] We selected and compared 5 exercises, which are known to be effective exercises.[Result] The exercise giving the highest EMG activation was EX 2 (64.43% MVIC). The second highest activation was found in EX 4 (40.50% MVIC). EMG values in EX 1 (40.12% MVIC), EX 4 and EX 5 (34.34% MVIC) were higher than in EX 3 (18.59% MVIC). EX 3 gave the lowest EMG activation of the 5 exercises.[Conclusion] The MLA plays an important role in gait and energy efficiency. Therefore, new exercises should be designed and existing exercises should be extended to incorporate new movements.

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