Scheme 1Fig. 2 Excitation spectra of the europium(iii) complex in the presence of 1 equiv. of Bis-Tris. Spectra were recorded in water upon addition of (a) 0, (b) 1.0, (c) 2.0 and (d) 2.5 equiv. NaOH.

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Fluorinated imidazo [1,5-a]pyridine abnormal carbene ruthenium complexes (F-aImPy−Ru) with a tricyclohexylphosphine copper chloride (Cy 3 P−CuCl) cocatalyst were developed for the ethenolysis/propenolysis of methyl oleate. These catalysts showed remarkable catalytic efficiencies (turnover numbers of 100,000 for ethenolysis and 200,000 for propenolysis) and excellent α-olefin selectivity (up to 99%). A computational study indicated that the energy barrier of the β-hydride elimination pathway in the presence of a phosphine−copper cocatalyst is higher than that in the absence of the cocatalyst, which might contribute to the improved longevity of the ruthenium catalyst in the reaction.

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Controlled pore glass bead was modified with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and glutathione (GSH) was immobilized through three kinds of linkers on top of BSA. Bis(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide suberate) sodium salt (BS 3 ), N-hydroxysuccinimide 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), or N-hydroxysuccinimide 4maleimidobutyrate (GMBS) was introduced into the BSA-bound matrix. Subsequently, GSH was immobilized by addition of thiol side chain into the maleimido moiety, replacing a disulfide group, or formation of an amide group upon releasing 3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccimide group. It was observed that conjugation methodology played a critical role for activity of the immobilized GSH. SDS-PAGE chromatogram showed that the matrix of glutathione immobilized on BSA through GMBS manifested high selectivity towards glutathione-Stransferase (GST) in cell lysate.