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Background: Headaches disorders have a significant burden on the world. Tension Type Headache is the most common type among primary headaches. Since medical students are exposed to a lot of stress, and it is associated with a tension-type headache, the importance of this study comes.  This study aims to measure the prevalence of tension-type headache among medical students at Tabuk University 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia was conducted. The study included medical students at the University of Tabuk in the academic years from 2nd to 6th grades during the calendar year of 2020. An adapted semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was retrieved from other validated questionnaires. The internal validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested using Cronbach's alpha test and was highly reliable (25 items, α = .715). Both medical and research experts assessed the face and content validity. The data were coded, tabulated, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 27). Results: The total number of the students was 380 (response rate, 78.6%). 55.22% were females, and 44.78% were males their mean age was 21.18 ± SD 1.78 years. Out of the 297 students, only 122 met the diagnostic criteria. The 1-year prevalence Tension Type Headache (TTH) included the three types: frequent TTH 67.2%, 18.0% infrequent TTH, and only 14.8% suffered from chronic TTH. The most common aggravating factors included studying stressors (82%), 68% of the participants reported daily activity interference, and 48.4% reported that headache aggravate with routine physical activities (e.g., walking or climbing stairs). The headache quality varied between throbbing/pulsating (54.9%), pressing/tightening (68.9%) and sharp/stabbing (10.7%). The median headache intensity was 5.25 at pain level score (IQR =2). Only 28% of the students sought counseling where the main analgesic used was Acetaminophen (74%). Many non-pharmacological therapies were practiced by the students to relieve headache, including sleep (60.7%), rest (63.1%) and caffeine (41.8%).23% of the medical students reported that they sought medical counseling to maintain their performance level. There was a statistically significant difference between the average age of medical students suffering from frequent and infrequent TTH,  t(102) = 2.31, p = .023. Conclusion: Tension-type headache is a prevalent type of headache among Saudi medical students. Prevalence and aggravating factors in our study were comparable to previously reported literature. Future studies with large sample size may be required among all university students to define burden of the case in Saudi Arabia.

Mouth breathing syndrome is a major harmful oral condition in children that causes them to switch from exclusively nasal breathing to mouth breathing or mixed breathing. It frequently happens as a result of an obstruction of the upper airway, which forces all or part of the air to enter through the mouth. Serious morphological and quality-of-life alterations are brought on by it. There are a number of causes for mouth breathing, but allergic rhinitis may be the most widespread, affecting more children. The second reason for this breathing pattern is palatine tonsils and adenoids. This multifactorial condition jeopardizes the balance of stomatognathic functions such as chewing, swallowing, breathing, and phonation, as well as creating conditions that influence the individual's development. Uncontrolled mouth breathing can have an adverse impact on the dentofacial system's health as well as aberrant dental and maxillofacial development. Based on the cause of mouth breathing, mouth breathers may demonstrate various dental development patterns, malocclusions, and maxillofacial development consequences. Furthermore, breathing through the mouth might harm dental health and raise the risk of periodontal and caries disorders. Because mouth breathers have several problems, a thorough and interdisciplinary clinical assessment is required to identify this syndrome early and reduce its negative effects on dentofacial development. This review finds that a multidisciplinary approach to these issues needs to make significant progress.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) overpowers glucagon secretion, endorses satiety, postpones gastric draining, and arouses peripheral glucose consumption. This systematic review was carried out including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO that examined randomized controlled trials, observational, and experimental studies that had studied the role of GLP-1 (liraglutide) in controlling juvenile diabetes. The study included 7 studies and concluded that the introduction of liraglutide to insulin treatment juvenile diabetic patients results in a considerable and fast decrease in glycemic excursions and a consequent reduction in insulin dose. Body weight decreases substantially as reported in many studies.

The most efficacious management modality for patients with end-stage renal disease is kidney transplantation. Although dialysis of the conditions and obstacles might be a temporary solution, it has been previously correlated with increased risk of many complications, including mortality and reduced health-related quality of life. In this literature review, the aim to discuss the commonly reported complications of post-kidney transplant, including complications that are usually caused by immune-mediated pathologies and non-immunological. Nevertheless, allograft rejection post-kidney transplant is the most common reported immunological complication following transplantation because it can be acute, subacute, accelerated, or chronic. However, after induction of the immunosuppressive modalities, the rates of graft rejections were significantly reduced but many other drug-related complications and have emerged as post-transplantation DM, malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many risk factors for developing post-transplant DM have been reported in the literature, such as the type of the administered immunosuppressive modality, obesity, ethnicity, hypomagnesemia, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis C viral (HCV) infections. Early identification and adjustment of the risk factors for these modalities might be associated with significant improvement in prognostic outcomes. The most commonly diagnosed post-transplant carcinomas, including renal cell carcinoma, squamous cell cancer of the lip and skin, salivary gland cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma. Besides, HCV, CMV, and BK virus were the most commonly reported infections following kidney transplantation.