No abstract

Women with recurrent miscarriage (RM) often have abnormal NK cell activity. Uterine NK cells produce angiogenic factors and various interleukins. Human endometrium that expresses a variety of angiogenic growth factors and cytokines (NK-cell) may play a critical role in the abnormal endometrial angiogenesis which affect both conception and fetal development. Women with RM also have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) after conception. It has been shown 12-15% of women in their initial stage of pregnancies miscarry. The occurrence of miscarriage is known as having three or more continues miscarriage. This percentage is from 0.3 to 0.8% of all diagnosed pregnancies. Recurrent miscarriages have multiple aetiology. In this review article we will discuss a number of factors that may link to pregnancy complication. We focus on endometrial angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), human endothelium expresses messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA) encoding VEGF-C, placenta growth factor (PlGF). The angiopoietins 1,2 and receptor for VEGF-A, VEGF-C, PIGF. The role of NK-cell, Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 that may lead to up-regulation of VEGF-C and Ang-2 in secretory endometrium.

This case-controlled clinical trial was performed on the salivary 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy. Subjects (N = 40) with periodontitis (smokers and non-smokers) and with clinically healthy conditions (smokers and non-smokers) were assigned to this study. At baseline, clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth and clinical attachment levels) were evaluated. Saliva samples were obtained pre-and post-treatment to quantify the 8-OHdG levels using Elisa technique. Subjects diagnosed with chronic periodontitis with smoking habit (CPs) and non-smokers (CPns) received scaling and root planing. In clinically healthy subjects with smoking habit (CHs) and non-smokers (CHns), only oral hygiene tutoring was performed. All clinical measurements and salivary collection were repeated in a 3-month recall interval. Data were analyzed using Anova, Tukey post hoc test and Mann-Whitney 'U' tests (P < 0.05). At baseline, CPs and CPns groups showed significantly higher PI, GI, PD and CAL values than those of CHns and CHs (P < 0.001). Baseline salivary levels of 8-OHdG were significantly higher in CPs group (14.775 pg/mL) (P < 0.001) compared to the other groups. All clinical parameters in chronic periodontitis group improved at the 3rd month recall interval, however, with regards to 8-OHdG values, the CP smoker category still had a higher level compared to CP nonsmoker. This study reflects an on-going periodontal destructive status in smokers and salivary 8-OHdG levels could be recognized as an oxidative biomarker for determining periodontal tissue destruction.