<p><span lang="EN-US">To realize the genetic potential of animals, an important role should be taken to prevent the presence of mineral substances in the rations. Because of their lack of revenue in the body of animals the productivity is decreased, the reproductive function is disturbed, there is a disease. there are diseases.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Material for the scientific and economic experiment on the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt on the milk productivity of high-yielding cows and the exchange of Mangan in their body were Holstein animals, Ukrainian Black- Spotted dairy and Ukrainian Red - Spotted dairy breeds. The trace elements were introduced into feed concentrates, and they into the fodder mix by the method of weight dosing and multi-stage mixing. Balancing of rations of highly productive cows of the 1st control group to norm only Selenium, Kuprum and Iodine, led to a concentration in 1 kg DM (dry matter) of feed mix, mg: Zinc – 32.4; Manganese – 27.8; Cobalt – 0.27; Selenium – 0.3; Copper – 12 and Iodine – 1.1 and the lowest concentration of Mangan in milk and in the body. The cows of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were fed with all the trace elements to the norm (for the 2nd experimental group at the expense of zinc sulfates, manganese, cobalt, copper, selenium, Suplex of Selenium and potassium iodide, for the 3rd instead of zinc sulfates, manganese and mixed cobalt compounds were introduced into their ligand complexes). The concentration of trace elements in these groups in 1 kg of DM was, mg: Zinc – 76; Manganese – 76; Cobalt – 0,97; Copper – 12; Selenium – 0.3 and Iodine – 1.1. The concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of DM of fodder was reduced by 20% for cows of the 4th experimental group and by 30% for the 5th experimental group.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">The results of the conducted searches indicate that the use in feeding of high-yielding cows of various doses of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese, and Cobalt on the use of Suplex of Selenium and sulfate copper and potassium iodide in the first 100- days lactation positively affect the growth of their milk production. Animals of experimental groups dominated cows of analogues of the control group, rations of which were scarce on Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, by average daily yield of natural milk, respectively, by 4.5; 5.8 and 4.0 kg, or 11.63: 14.99 and 10.34%, and these differences were reliable. While the average daily milk yield of cows of the 2nd experimental group exceeded the average daily yield of the 1st control group by 3.8 kg or by 9.82%. In milk of experimental cows, a single increase in the fat content of 0.01–0.09% was also noted. </span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">Carrying out balance research confirmed the data of milk productivity. Thus, in the body of cows of the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups, more Manganese were deposited, respectively by: 540.7; 531.5, and 394.5 mg compared to control and by 367.1, 357.9, and 220.9 mg – in comparison with the 2nd experimental group; in experimental cows of groups 4 and 5, the manganese was deposited less by 9.2 and 146.2 mg in comparison with the 3rd experimental group. With milk in cows of the 1st control group during the day was allocated 20.8 mg of Manganese, and in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups it was allocated more, respectively by 6.7, 9.8, 15.4, and 10.6 mg. Manganese fecal excretion was less in comparison with the 2nd experimental group, in the cows of the 3rd experimental group it was less by 365.9 mg, in the 4^th group – by 623.3 mg, and in the 5^th group – by 691.4 mg.</span></p><p><span lang="EN-US">The use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt enhances the milk productivity of high-yielding cows, reduces their need for these elements, improves their digestion and reduces their excretion with feces.</span></p>

The analysis was done on milk production and the reproductive ability of cows of Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy breed cows of different types of constitution under conditions of breeding farm «Yamnytsya» Tysmenytsya district, Ivano-Frankivsk region. Determining the type of constitution of animals was carried out by mass-metric coefficient, indicator of which were differentiated from its deviation from the arithmetic mean share at 0.43 of sigma (σ), three types of constitution: tight, intermediate and loose. It is established that the milk yield and reproducible ability of cows depended on the type of constitution. For the first, second, third and better lactation the highest milk yield and the amount of milk fat were observed cows of dense type of constitution, and what prevailed animals of intermediate and loose types in 428.0–1318.2 and 11.9–49.2 kg respectively. The largest share of influence of the type constitution on yield and the amount of butterfat in the first lactation (18.51 and 18.42%) and on the fat content in milk for the second and third lactation (10.98 and 17.11%). The correlation coefficients between the type of constitution and milk yield, depending on lactation, were in the range 0.047–0.410, fat content in milk – -0.098– -0.423 and the number of milk fat – -0.032– +0.403. The highest connection between the type of constitution and milk yield milk yield and quantity of milk fat were observed in the first lactation, and in the second, the third and best lactation – between the type of constitution and fat content in milk. Lower age of first calving cows were characterized cows of dense type of constitution, which conceded intermediate and loose type. For the duration of service- and between calving period, the coefficient of reproductive capacity, calves output per 100 cows, index of heifers insemination and firstborn cows, animals of dense type constitution conceded the intermediate and loose types. High and reliable (P < 0.01–0.001) influence of constitution type had on the duration and service-and between-calving period, the coefficient of reproductive capacity, calves output per 100 cows, and index of heifers insemination – within 6.03–7.09%, and the smallest - on the duration of gestation of heifers and firstborn cows – 0.66 and 0.41% respectively. The highest positive and highly probable correlation coefficients were observed between the type of constitution of animals and the duration of their service- and between calving period (0.283 and 0.278) and negative, but probable links – between the type of constitution and coefficient of reproductive capacity (-0.271) and calves output per 100 cows (-0.269). Available communication indicates the possibility and expediency of dairy cattle breeding by mass-metric coefficient, that will promote simultaneous enhancement of their milk production at selection by external-constitutional type.

No abstract

The purposeful creation and use of highly productive animals largely depends on information laid down in their genes that control valuable economic useful features. The actual task is to identify and use marker genes that are responsible for displaying a certain sign of animals, in particular, the level of milk productivity. To create new forms of animals with a combination of high productivity and adaptability to various factors of external influences, for this purpose, for a long time in Ukraine, work was carried out to improve the Simmental cattle using the Red-Spoptted Holstein breed. It was supposed to that the increase in the number of animals with a part of the heredity of Red-Spoptted Holstein to 70–80% will allow to receive herds, which are characterized by good adaptive capacity, fat-dairy, high growth and meat qualities, as well as high milk yield. The searches were carried out on cows (pure-bred Simmentals and between ½ and ¾ in terms of the heredity of the Red-Spoptted Holstein breed), which were divided into groups with different levels of milk productivity for the first lactation (on the milk yield and content of fat in milk). The genetic structure was estimated by genetically determined polymorphism of groups of genetic-biochemical systems. Experiments were conducted on erythrocytes and blood plasma.Blood from animals was taken from a jugular vein in a heparin test tube. Polymorphism of proteins and enzymes was evaluated using a method of electrophoretic protein separation in 13% starch gel in horizontal chambers followed by histochemical staining. The obtained data testify that differences of animals on such parameters of dairy as milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation and the content of fat in milk is accompanied by unequal differentiation of their genetic structures by different genetic-biochemical systems. With the difference in milk yield, the most pronounced changes are observed with the transferrin locus, and in the analysis of groups of animals differing in the fat content of milk – by the AM-1 locus. This suggests that, based on such cases of negative correlations between these features, specific interlocal interactions may be based on different genetic and biochemical systems. It can be argued that the development of such searches may lead to the discovery of characteristic genotypes by a complex of genetic-biochemical systems, closely related to the corresponding complex of economic useful features.

Breeds of farm animals are characterized by the presence of their genetic structure, in particular, the distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies by individual genetic and biochemical systems. The purpose of our search was to study the genetic frequencies of polymorphic loci of transferrin (TF), amylase (AM), ceruloplasmin (CR), hemoglobin (HB) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PN) in Simmental cattle and related breeds (Gray Ukrainian and Charolais), as well as to determine the degree of similarity between the expected loci and actual genotypes. As a result of research it was established that the genetic structure of the studied polymorphic loci of the Simmental breed was closer in animals of the Gray Ukrainian breed. In particular, at the locus of transferrin in individuals of the Gray Ukrainian breed there are alleles TF A, TF D1, TF D2 and TF E, whose genetic frequency was in the range of 0.051–0.603. The frequency of the Tf A allele in all studied breeds of cattle had a slight intergroup fluctuations (0.235–0.244), indicating their genetic similarity to this allele. At the locus of transferrin allele Tf D1 of the breed Ukrainian and Charolais were characterized by a lower frequency, however, according to the Tf D2 allele (frequency 0.603 in both breeds), they outperformed the Simmental breed by 11.7 %. The amylase locus in the studied breeds occurs with the alleles AM B and AM C, and with the allele AM A – is absent. The frequency of the AM B allele was highest in animals of the Gray Ukrainian breed, and in the AM C allele in the Charolais breed. It should be noted the high frequency of the AM B allele (0.910) in the Gray Ukrainian breed, which is due to the large number of BB homozygotes. Among the ceruloplasmin locus, the CP A allele had the highest frequency, and the CP B allele had a slightly lower frequency. In the hemoglobin locus, the frequency of HB A allele expression was the highest compared to other polymorphic systems and was in the range of 0.905–1.000. As for the HB B allele, on the contrary, the frequency of its appearance was much lower: in Simmental animals it was 0.095, in the Charolais breed it was 0.059, and in the Gray Ukrainian breed this allele was not observed. Among the alleles of purine nucleoside phosphoryls, the PN L allele was noted with a high frequency (0.697–0.846). The study of genotypes of genetic and biochemical systems of Simmental breed by loci TF, AM, SR, HB and PN shows that the locus TF, which is represented by the largest number of genotypes (10), was marked by a high degree of similarity between expected and actual genotypes with a significant difference (exception – genotype TF EE). The largest number of animals at this locus had the genotypes TF AD2, TF D1 D2 and TF D2 D2 (8 heads in each group), and the smallest – with genotypes TF AA, TF D1 D1, TF D1 E and TF D2 E (1–2 heads each). With the expected genotypes TF AF and TF EE, their real number was not detected, which indicates high heterozygosity. Amylase polymorphism is appeqred only by alleles AM B and AM C. Homozygous for allele B recorded a slightly larger number – in 23 individuals, while homozygous for allele C – only in 3 individuals, which coincides with the expected data in accordance with 21.690 and 1.690. The ceruloplasmin locus is marked by a slightly higher frequency of allele A, due to homo- (CP AA) and heterozygotes (CP AB), which appeared in 15 animals in both groups. Hemoglobin in the Simmental breed, as in most breeds of cattle, is represented mainly by allele A, and homozygotes of the BB allele are absent. Allele B is appeared in small quantities in a heterozygous state – in 4 individuals. The РN locus is appeared by two alleles (L and H), and there are no heterozygotes on the electrophoresis foregrams. There was a high frequency of the L allele of the PN locus, which is characteristic of breeds of the dairy direction of productivity. The PN H allele, which is characterized by high activity, is somewhat less common in Simmentals (only in 6 individuals). Thus, the study of genetic frequencies of the Simmental breed is necessary for the identification and early determination of the level of productivity of animals. Genetic frequencies of polymorphic loci are necessary for selection work with the breed, and can also be used in the breeding process to accelerate the rate of the breeding process. Searches of the genetic structure of the complex of genetic and biochemical systems are necessary for the research and preservation of the gene fund of local and endangered breeds of cattle.