The issues of quality management at the enterprise of the machine-building industry are studied on the basis of process and risk-oriented approaches. A comprehensive approach to risk assessment is proposed, the advantage of which is the application of the principle of matching the significance of risk and the costs of its elimination in a comparative risk assessment. The features of the application of the method of analyzing the causes and consequences of failures, calculating the priority number of risks based on expert and statistical data are analyzed. The method of risk assessment is shown on the example of the process “Metrological examination of technical documentation”. On the basis of statistical data on the results of metrological examination of technical documentation and the classifier of typical metrological errors, scales for calculating the priority number of risks were developed and an analysis of the causes and consequences of process failures was carried out. The approach to improving the quality of the process is justified on the basis of the principle of matching the priority number of risks and costs for eliminating the discrepancy. Based on a comparative risk assessment by constructing a map of the ratio of the priority number of risks by function and the costs of their elimination, the most significant risks that significantly affect the results of the process are identified.