We have carried out a comparative study of human smooth muscle cells of segments of the bronchial tree and the urinary system in norm and under functional load and in change of functional load according to the obstructive type. There have been revealed general principles of organization of smooth muscles of these organ systems. Reactive transformation of smooth muscle depends on a type and intensity of the pathogenic factor. It has been shown as an alteration of the cell population structure and metabolic parameters of the smooth muscle in obstructive disturbances.